Applying Tobacco Carcinogen and Toxicant Biomarkers in Product Regulation and Cancer Prevention

Hecht, Stephen S.; Yuan, Jian‐Min; Hatsukami, Dorothy K.

doi:10.1021/tx100056m

Cited by 90 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Nazaroff and Singer (2004) found that population intake of acrolein from residential SHS appears to be higher than from ambient sources. Our findings are consistent with studies that demonstrate higher acrolein uptake in smokers compared to nonsmokers (Carmella et al, 2007;Hecht, Yuan, & Hatsukami, 2010). Levels of urinary 3-HPMA in our sample of children exposed to daily hookah SHS were significantly higher, respectively, than levels found in children living in nonsmoker homes (GM, 2,966 vs. 1,600 pmol/mg; p = .040) and were 1.6 times higher than levels found in a previous study of 21 adult nonsmokers (mean, 1,900 pmol/mg) (Carmella et al, 2007).…”

Section: Continuedsupporting

confidence: 93%

Children’s Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke Carcinogens and Toxicants in Homes of Hookah Smokers

Daffa

Liles

Jackson

et al. 2014

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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We examined homes of hookah-only smokers and nonsmokers for levels of indoor air nicotine (a marker of secondhand smoke) and indoor surface nicotine (a marker of thirdhand smoke), child uptake of nicotine, the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and the toxicant acrolein by analyzing their corresponding metabolites cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-glucuronides (total NNAL) and 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid.

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Section: Continuedsupporting

confidence: 93%

Children’s Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke Carcinogens and Toxicants in Homes of Hookah Smokers

Daffa

Liles

Jackson

et al. 2014

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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“…Cotinine is the primary proximate metabolite of nicotine (23,24). 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine that is a known lung carcinogen (25,26). Lead, cadmium, and arsenic are elements known to have toxic effects that could be found in tobacco smoke as well as in other environment sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers of Exposure among U.S. Cigar Smokers: An Analysis of 1999–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Data

Chen

Kettermann

Rostron

et al. 2014

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: Cigar consumption is increasing in the United States, but little information is available about exposure to toxic constituents from cigar smoking.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of biomarkers of tobacco exposure among 25,522 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999(NHANES, -2012. The biomarkers analyzed were serum cotinine, urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), blood lead, blood cadmium, and urinary arsenic. We calculated geometric mean concentrations for each biomarker by tobacco use category and geometric mean ratios controlling for demographic factors.Results: Cigar smokers had higher cotinine, NNAL, and lead concentrations than nontobacco users. The geometric mean concentration [95% confidence interval (CI)] of cotinine for primary cigar smokers (i.e., current cigar/never cigarette smokers) was 6.2 (4.2-9.2) ng/mL versus 0.045 (0.043-0.048) ng/mL for nontobacco users, and the NNAL concentration was 19.1 (10.6-34.3) pg/mg creatinine for primary cigar smokers versus 1.01 (0.95-1.07) pg/mg creatinine for nontobacco users. Secondary cigar smokers (i.e., current cigar/former cigarette smokers) and dual cigar/cigarette smokers had higher cadmium concentrations than nontobacco users. Cigar smoking was associated with significantly higher concentrations of cotinine, NNAL, cadmium, and lead, after adjusting for demographic factors. Secondary cigar smokers had significantly higher cotinine and NNAL concentrations than primary cigar smokers. The NNAL concentrations in daily cigar smokers were comparable with those in daily cigarette smokers.Conclusions: Cigar smokers have higher concentrations of several toxic and carcinogenic substances than nontobacco users.Impact: Our results are consistent with epidemiologic evidence demonstrating cigar smoking as a cause of disease and premature death. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2906-15. Ó2014 AACR.

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“…Mercapturic acids are formed mainly through the metabolism of VOCs via the glutathione pathway. VOCs and/or their metabolites can react with glutathione, and undergo further metabolism to form mercapturic acids before being removed from the blood by the kidneys and excreted into urine (58,59). The assessment of biomarkers adds a degree of strength to a study in which it helps to provide an objective confirmation of the actual exposure experienced by the respondents.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a review of studies using human volunteers

Abidin

Zulkifli

et al. 2017

Reviews on Environmental Health

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AbstractObjective:This paper is primarily aimed to review articles on electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) focusing on indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment that were conducted using human volunteers under natural settings that mimic actual vaping scenarios. Such studies may give a better representation of the actual potential exposure towards e-cigarettes emissions in indoor settings.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed search engine database. Search terms such as “electronic cigarette”, “e-cigarette”, “electronic nicotine delivery system”, and “indoor air quality” were used to identify the relevant articles to be included in this review. Articles that involved human volunteers who were asked to vape in natural settings or settings that mimic the actual vaping scenario were chosen to be reviewed. The search yielded a total of 15 published articles. Eleven articles were excluded due to 1) unavailability of its full-text (n=1), 2) did not involve human volunteers (n=5) and 3) did not involve an IAQ study (n=5). Four articles were critically reviewed in this paper.Results:From the four selected articles, two of the papers focused on the determination of nicotine level released by e-cigarettes whereas the other two covered IAQ parameters namely; particulate matters (PM), propylene glycols, formaldehyde, metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Only two of the studies involved determination of biomarkers of exposure. The level of chemical contents released varied between studies. The differences in the brands of e-cigarette used, number of vapers recruited and the sensitivity of the methodologies employed in these studies may be the possible causes for such differences. However, studies using human volunteers conducted in a natural setting are more relevant to portray the actual exposure to vapors among e-cigarettes users and non-users compared to studies using a smoking machine/an exposure chamber. This is because such studies take into account the behavior of consumers and individual retention of nicotine. Such method will therefore avoid the possibility of overestimation in terms of exposures toward e-cigarettes users and non-users.Conclusion:There are limited e-cigarette studies on the impact of IAQ performed using human volunteers in natural settings. The available studies however, provided inconsistent scientific evidence on the actual exposure towards the vapor contents as unstandardized methodology were used in conducting such research. Therefore, there is a need to conduct IAQ studies in natural settings by using a standardized protocol in terms of the number of vapers recruited, the size of the indoor settings, the methods used in detecting and quantifying the contents and levels of emissions and the sensitivity of the equipment used in analyzing the contents. This will help in better utilization of the findings from such studies for the use of risk assessment of the exposures towards e-cigarette emissions. There is also a need to emphasize that it is the onus of the manufacturers in providing and proving scientifically sound safety claims for their products prior to commercializing it in the market.

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Applying Tobacco Carcinogen and Toxicant Biomarkers in Product Regulation and Cancer Prevention

Cited by 90 publications

References 77 publications

Children’s Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke Carcinogens and Toxicants in Homes of Hookah Smokers

Children’s Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke Carcinogens and Toxicants in Homes of Hookah Smokers

Biomarkers of Exposure among U.S. Cigar Smokers: An Analysis of 1999–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Data

Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a review of studies using human volunteers

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