Applying the Precautionary Principle to Nutrition and Cancer

Gonzales, J.; Barnard, Neal D.; Jenkins, David; Lanou, Amy Joy; Davis, Brenda; Saxe, Gordon A.; Levin, Susan

doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.866527

Cited by 42 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 69 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…To this point, a review published in 2014 identified eating soy during childhood/adolescence as 1 of 6 steps to reducing cancer risk [83]. Also, a recent commentary in the ‘American Journal of Epidemiology' concluded that ‘… growing evidence … links childhood and adolescent lifestyle and environmental exposures with subsequent risk of cancers arising in adulthood' [57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Soy Foods on the Development of Breast Cancer and the Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients

Messina

2016

Complement Med Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The relationship between soy food intake and breast cancer has been rigorously investigated for more than 25 years. The identification of isoflavones as possible chemopreventive agents helped fuel this line of investigation. These diphenolic compounds, which are found in uniquely-rich amounts in soy beans, possess both estrogen-dependent and -independent properties that potentially inhibit the development of breast cancer. Observational studies show that among Asian women higher soy consumption is associated with an approximate 30% reduction in risk of developing breast cancer. However, evidence suggests that for soy to reduce breast cancer risk consumption must occur early in life, that is during childhood and/or adolescence. Despite the interest in the role of soy in reducing breast cancer risk concerns have arisen that soy foods, because they contain isoflavones, may increase the likelihood of high-risk women developing breast cancer and worsen the prognosis of breast cancer patients. However, extensive clinical and epidemiologic data show these concerns to be unfounded. Clinical trials consistently show that isoflavone intake does not adversely affect markers of breast cancer risk, including mammographic density and cell proliferation. Furthermore, prospective epidemiologic studies involving over 11,000 women from the USA and China show that postdiagnosis soy intake statistically significantly reduces recurrence and improves survival.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Soy Foods on the Development of Breast Cancer and the Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients

Messina

2016

Complement Med Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…42 Soy products high in isoflavones, such as edamame, tofu, tempeh and miso soup, have been found to have anticarcinogenic effects in preclinical studies, having been associated with apoptosis, antiangiogenesis and reduced sex hormone levels. 41 One study found that supplementation with 200 mg of soy isoflavones daily over two to six weeks before breast cancer surgery showed a nonsignificant trend toward inhibition of cancer growth compared with a control group. 43 A meta-analysis of five prospective cohort studies from the United States and China found that high consumption of soy protein or soy isoflavones after breast cancer diagnosis was associated with a 26% decrease in recurrence (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61-0.85) and a 16% reduction in breast cancer mortality (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-0.99) compared with low consumption.…”

Section: Soymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,35 • Dietary saturated fat, especially from high-fat dairy products, may be associated with increased breast cancer mortality. 3,32,33 • Soy products have not been found to increase breast cancer recurrence 41 and may actually reduce it.…”

Section: Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…40 Soy protein isolates increase insulin-like growth factor 1 when consumed in high amounts, which could theoretically promote breast cancer recurrence. 41 One clinical study found that soy protein isolate supplementation caused a slight stimulatory effect on epithelial breast cells in premenopausal women. 42 Soy products high in isoflavones, such as edamame, tofu, tempeh and miso soup, have been found to have anticarcinogenic effects in preclinical studies, having been associated with apoptosis, antiangiogenesis and reduced sex hormone levels.…”

Section: Soymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Lifestyle modifications for patients with breast cancer to improve prognosis and optimize overall health

Hamer

Warner

2017

CMAJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A lthough more than 90% of patients with breast cancer have early stage disease at diagnosis, about 25% will eventually die of distant metastasis.1 Many patients with breast cancer seek information from a variety of sources about behaviours that may reduce their risk of recurrence.2 Making positive lifestyle changes can also be psychologically beneficial to patients by empowering them, since the feeling of loss of control is one of biggest challenges of a cancer diagnosis.In this review, we identify which lifestyle changes can be recommended to patients as an adjunct to standard breast cancer treatments, to reduce their risk of distant recurrence and death. We review the role of lifestyle factors, particularly weight management, exercise, diet, smoking, alcohol intake and vitamin supplementation, on the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. Our literature search is summarized in Box 1.It is challenging to study lifestyle factors independently, because patients who are more physically active often are leaner, eat a healthier diet and are typically less likely to drink excessive amounts of alcohol or smoke; however, many studies try to adjust for these confounders.3 Another limitation is the potential impact of lifestyle factors before diagnosis. 4 Regrettably, but understandably, we found very few randomized trials. How does body weight influence the prognosis for breast cancer?Women who gain weight during or after treatment of breast cancer have been consistently shown to be at higher risk of breast cancer-related death.5-7 Also, women who are overweight or obese at the time of diagnosis have a poorer prognosis.8 Proposed mechanisms of how obesity might affect breast cancer mortality include a rise in circulating insulin-like growth factor, elevated circulating sex hormones and production of proinflammatory cytokines.9-12 Another possible mechanism is metabolic syndrome (presence of at least three of the following five components: abdominal obesity, hypertension, low level of highdensity lipoproteins, high plasma glucose level and high triglyceride levels). 13 In a recent study involving early stage breast cancer survivors, patients with metabolic syndrome were at significantly increased risk of distant metastasis (hazard ratio [HR] 2.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-4.82) compared with those without the syndrome. 13Most patients with breast cancer gain weight both during and after active treatment, and much of the weight is never lost. The average reported weight gain is 2.5-5 kg, 5 but a gain of 10 kg or more is not uncommon.14 The reasons for weight gain are multifactorial and include "stress eating," reduced activity because of fatigue or other treatment-related adverse effects, lowered metabolic rate from chemotherapy, and use of pre-and post-chemotherapy medications such as dexamethasone.14 Weight gain is most common in women who experience treatment-related menopause and is often accompanied by relative fat gain and muscle loss. 15Several observational studies have shown that gaining weight dur...

show abstract

“…Along with increasing rates of animal product consumption come increased rates of many "diseases of nutritional extravagance" (Shu et al, 1993, Campbell et al, 1998, Gonzales et al, 2014 such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and many cancers. In fact, the leading cause of human death in the world is heart disease, killing approximately 8.5 million people annually and comprising approximately 15% of all deaths.…”

Section: Human Health Connectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The World Flora Online, Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, and the Species Plantarum Programme: Flora of the World: Compatible Concepts or Mutually Exclusive Mandates?

Smith

Klopper

Jackson

et al. 2017

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Applying the Precautionary Principle to Nutrition and Cancer

Abstract: By adopting the precautionary principle for nutrition research, this review aims to serve as a useful tool for practitioners and patients.

Cited by 42 publications

References 69 publications

Impact of Soy Foods on the Development of Breast Cancer and the Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients

Impact of Soy Foods on the Development of Breast Cancer and the Prognosis of Breast Cancer Patients

Lifestyle modifications for patients with breast cancer to improve prognosis and optimize overall health

The World Flora Online, Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, and the Species Plantarum Programme: Flora of the World: Compatible Concepts or Mutually Exclusive Mandates?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About