Applying the Input-Process-Outcome Model to Team Learning in Sport Sciences: An Exploratory Qualitative Study on Twenty Soccer Players

Abstract

In sport science literature, referring to the Input-Process-Outcome (IPO) model, few studies demonstrated links between team training and team learning despites several calls for empirical studies. Thus, this study aimed at exploring systemically the building process of the interpersonal coordination by focusing on (1) a specific antecedent (i.e., video feedback during practice), (2) the influence of this antecedent on the team learning process, and (3) outcomes from this process as shared cognitive contents. Thus, this study was original by examining empirically the IPO model in a sport-training context. Our study showed that Input influenced the specific learning Process during practice (five processes) and video feedback sessions (five processes) and produced Outcomes (six typical shared cognitive contents). Finally, results are discussed in relation to team learning processes theoretically identified in the literature and an IPO soccer model adapted to team learning in a soccer context is proposed.

Team learning process: a longitudinal study in dynamic situation

“…This process "to give sense" is different of the process "to visualize the situation" because the visualization is an analogic process. These two types of processes show and show the diversity of team learning processes highlighted by Kermarrec et al (2018) and Kérivel et al (2021a) and also show that there are several levels of team learning as inter-team learning processes, intra-team learning processes and fundamental team learning processes (Wiese and Burke, 2019). Our results also highlight the alternation between different processes.…”

“…Our data analysis allows us to highlight that "to visualize situation" and "to plan" were the most used by soccer players for 22 months. These results show that soccer players use analogic processes to learn in the situation (Kermarrec et al, 2018;Kérivel et al, 2021a). Then, soccer players seek to plan the different behaviours that they must have to respond effectively to the situation.…”

“…team action on task). Based on these theoretical advances, Kérivel et al (2021a) highlighted five team learning processes during task practice in a sport context, "on-field". From a qualitative and a naturalistic approach, team learning processes are: (1) communicating with teammates; (2) perceiving and adapting to teammates' behaviours;…”

“…3.3.2 Encoding meaningful units of activity. To divide the transcripts into meaningful units, searchers used a first model derived from situation awareness concept (Endsley, 1995) and adapted by Kermarrec and Bossard (2014) To encode verbal data, we associated MUA to Kérivel et al (2021a) categorization. However, during this encoding second step, we were unable to class some MUA.…”

“…Thus, we gradually found new categories to describe team learning processes (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). These new categories show the diversity of team learning processes and allow us to precise the Kérivel et al (2021a) categorization. The first author highlighted 13 team learning processes, and he submitted this new categorization to the two other authors to validation.…”