Applying ecological systems theory to sexual revictimization of youth: A review with implications for research and practice

Abstract

This article reviews the literature on sexual revictimization, integrating findings from studies with adult and youth samples and organizing research evidence within a social ecological framework. Multiple victimization experiences are common among children, adolescents, and adults with histories of child sexual abuse; they are associated with negative cumulative effects on the individual and, through these negative sequelae, perpetuate a cycle of victimization. While much of the research has focused on individual factors that promote revictimization, there is emerging evidence that external influences on the individual may influence risk for subsequent victimization. Specifically, family, perpetrators, and engagement with helping professionals may all mediate revictimization risk. Although limited evidence prevents conclusions regarding societal values, public policy, and law, these systems may also impact individual risk for experiencing multiple victimizations.

Risk for Revictimization Following Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Trauma: Clarifying the Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Trauma‐Related Cognitions

“…First, although this study focused on PTSD-related symptoms and cognitions as important mechanisms underlying the risk for revictimization, other putative mechanisms (e.g., depression, substance abuse, risky sexual behavior) also warrant examination (Messman-Moore & Long, 2003). Although we made efforts to control for potential environmental changes, including changes in romantic relationships and income during follow-up, future studies should consider a broader ecological model of revictimization (Grauerholz, 2000;Messman-Moore & Long, 2003;Pittenger et al, 2016). Direct assessment of changes in living situation, shifts in social networks, and broader macrosystem policy or attitude changes would provide researchers with greater specificity in understanding individual-level mechanisms of revictimization, including PTSD and cognitions.…”

“…Next, we considered two mechanisms-PTSD and posttraumatic cognitions-that may account for revictimization among women with a prior history of trauma exposure. Because risk for revictimization may also be influenced by a range of contextual factors, including socioeconomic status and an ongoing relationship with a perpetrator (Grauerholz, 2000;Pittenger, Huit, & Hansen, 2016), we included changes in income and romantic relationships as covariates when we examined mediators of revictimization.…”

Is Sexual Abuse a Unique Predictor of Sexual Risk Behaviors, Pregnancy, and Motherhood in Adolescence?

“…Interpersonal and attachment disruptions. It has been documented that sexual abuse victims endure subsequent sexual victimizations (Pittenger, Huit, & Hansen, 2016). One prospective study documented rates of domestic violence and rape at two and three times (respectively) more than a matched comparison group who were not sexually abused (Barnes et al, 2009).…”

A Curricular Case Study: Constructing the Essential Factors in “Social Design” Teaching

“…Ecological systems theory enables researchers to examine the influence of complex interactions between different ecological levels. Evaluating social problems comprehensively [21], by incorporating them into the overall socio-ecological system, can facilitate the understanding of social needs.…”