“…Annual churn rate of European mobile operators is between 20% and 38%, which is very destructive to operators as cost of churn is measured billions of dollars in the sector (Lemmens & Gupta, 2013). Naturally, telecom operators aim to reduce churn rate and keep their subscribers from other telecom operators' attacks (Kisioglu & Topcu, 2011). High level of competition in the telecommunications sector induces telecom operators from acquiring customers to retaining customers (Ahn, Han, & Lee, 2006).…”