“…Due to a very low proportion of studies that showed a significant effect of the intervention yet showed a high risk of bias, the quality of evidence supporting the effectiveness of interventions to reduce self-injurious behaviors in adults with ASD–3 was low. This outcome was investigated in 14 studies: Baker et al (2005), Carr et al (1997), Elliott et al (1994), Hagopian et al (2011), Kennedy (1994), Kuhn et al (1999), Lundqvist et al (2009), McClean et al (2007), McKeegan et al (1987), McNally et al (1988), Smith (1986, 1987), Smith and Coleman (1986), and Wong et al (1991). One study used recreational therapies as the intervention (Lundqvist et al, 2009), and 13 used behavioral techniques (Baker et al, 2005; Carr et al, 1997; Elliott et al, 1994; Hagopian et al, 2011; Kennedy, 1994; Kuhn et al, 1999; McClean et al, 2007; McKeegan et al, 1987; McNally et al, 1988; Smith 1986, 1987; Smith and Coleman, 1986; Wong et al, 1991).…”