Applied Statistics: Analysis of Variance and Regression.

Dunn, Olive Jean; Clark, Virginia A.

doi:10.2307/2531930

Cited by 178 publications

(176 citation statements)

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“…Finally, multipleregression analyses were used to simultaneously assess the relative strength of the associations between significant risk variables and carotid artery atherosclerosis extent, with grouping variables added to account for the effects of OC treatment. 28 Social status and regional adiposity were entered as continuous variables in these analyses. All bar graphs and the table depict the untransformed mean values±SEM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotid artery atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed female cynomolgus monkeys. Effects of oral contraceptive treatment, social factors, and regional adiposity.

1990

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Female cynomolgus monkeys, a previously established model of carotid and coronary artery atherosclerosis, were used to study the relationships between potential risk factors and carotid artery atherosclerosis. Over a 24-month treatment period, one-third of the monkeys (n=25) were given the oral contraceptive Ovral, one-third of the monkeys (n=26) were given the oral contraceptive Demulen, and the remaining monkeys constituted a control group (n=26). At necropsy, the atherosclerosis extent was measured in the left and right common carotid arteries and the left and right carotid bifurcations. Plasma lipid concentrations, regional adiposity, and social status were related to carotid artery atherosclerosis extent The relationships between regional adiposity and social status and carotid artery atherosclerosis were accounted for, at least in part, by plasma lipid concentrations. Oral contraceptives had an adverse effect on plasma cholesterol concentrations and a protective effect against carotid artery atherosclerosis after adjusting for their effect on plasma lipids. The net result of these effects was little or no change In atherosclerosis extent in the carotid arteries due to oral contraceptive treatment (Arteriosclerosis 10:358-366, May/June 1990)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotid artery atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed female cynomolgus monkeys. Effects of oral contraceptive treatment, social factors, and regional adiposity.

1990

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“…The possibility that misleading results can be caused by only a few taxa should also be considered. Extreme values can disproportionately influence the slope of regressions (Dunn and Clarke 1987), and so they may especially influence the results of the orientation test in the last step of our testing hierarchy. One simple expedient is to determine whether the neutral model is still rejected after removing particular taxa from the data set, especially in cases where selection is known or suspected to have acted on those few taxa.…”

Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MIPoD: A Hypothesis‐Testing Framework for Microevolutionary Inference from Patterns of Divergence

Hohenlohe¹,

Arnold²

2008

The American Naturalist

119

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Despite the many triumphs of comparative biology during the past few decades, the field has remained strangely divorced from evolutionary genetics. In particular, comparative methods have failed to incorporate multivariate process models of microevolution that include genetic constraint in the form of the G matrix. Here we explore the insights that might be gained by such an analysis. A neutral model of evolution by genetic drift that depends on effective population size and the G matrix predicts a probability distribution for divergence of population trait means on a phylogeny. Use of a maximum likelihood (ML) framework then allows us to compare independent direct estimates of G with the ML estimates based on the observed pattern of trait divergence among taxa. We assess the departure from neutrality, and thus the role of different types of selection and other forces, in a stepwise hypothesis-testing procedure based on parameters for the size, shape, and orientation of G. We illustrate our approach with a test case of data on vertebral number evolution in garter snakes. KeywordsG matrix; genetic line of least resistance; maximum likelihood; selective line of least resistance; Thamnophis; vertebral number A large literature on the comparative analysis of evolving traits has blossomed during the past 25 years (Felsenstein 1985;Harvey and Pagel 1991;Lynch 1991;Martins and Garland 1991;Martins 1994Martins , 2000Rohlf 2001;Steppan 2004;Carvalho et al. 2005). Interest in tracing trait evolution on independently estimated phylogenies has been responsible for putting a new face on comparative biology. New methodologies have allowed investigators to assay statistical associations between trait values and putative selective pressures (e.g., Darst et al. 2005;Ord and Martins 2006;Strmberg 2006) and to test alternative models of evolutionary process (Hansen 1997;Butler and King 2004). Despite success on these and other fronts, the new comparative biology has been strangely divorced from evolutionary genetics. Process models have been adopted from evolutionary genetics to provide the substructure for statistical inference (Martins and Hansen 1997), but estimates of genetic parameters usually play no role in comparative biology. The divorce between comparative biology and evolutionary genetics is especially vivid in the case of continuously distributed phenotypic traits. For these kinds of traits, which are often polygenic, quantitative genetic models promise deep understanding of

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“…The model assumptions (linearity, homogeneity of variance, normality, and independence of residuals) were tested following procedures outlined in Krzanowski (1998). In addition, the Shapiro-Wilk W statistic (Dunn and Clark 1974) was used to test residuals for normality and was assessed at the 0.05 level of significance. Outliers were distinguished with the mean shift outlier model: the largest absolute studentized residual was tested with the t distribution and the Bonferroni correction at the 0.10 level of significance (Fox 1997).…”

Section: Analysis Of the Interannual Variation In Abundance Of Jellyfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interannual variability in abundance of North Sea jellyfish and links to the North Atlantic Oscillation

Lynam

Hay

Brierley

2004

Limnology & Oceanography

153

136

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Pronounced interannual variability in the abundance of medusae of the jellyfish species Aurelia aurita, Cyanea lamarckii, and Cyanea capillata (Phylum Cnidaria, Class Scyphozoa) in the North Sea was evident in data arising from the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas International 0-group Gadoid Surveys between 1971 and 1986. Possible climatic forcing of jellyfish abundance, via the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), was investigated with data on medusae from four areas of the North Sea (east of Scotland, north of Scotland, east of Shetland, and west of northern Denmark). There were significant inverse relationships between medusa abundance and the NAO Index (December-March) in two regions: west of northern Denmark (A. aurita r 2 ϭ 0.70, P ϭ 0.003, n ϭ 10; C. lamarckii r 2 ϭ 0.74, P ϭ 0.002, n ϭ 10) and east of Scotland (A. aurita r 2 ϭ 0.53, P ϭ 0.008, n ϭ 12). Fluctuations in the abundance of A. aurita and C. lamarckii medusae might be linked to hydroclimatic changes induced through atmospheric effects (as encapsulated in the NAO Index) on wind stress, temperature, and currents. These fundamental hydroclimatic changes alter the timing of spring phytoplankton blooms and zooplankton community composition. Predation by an abundance of medusae on zooplankton and ichthyoplankton could affect the North Sea ecosystem through top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Because the NAO is presently in a high phase, climatic conditions could be serving to depress the abundance of medusae: a future reversal of the NAO might favor jellyfish and weaken the persistence or recovery of fisheries.

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Applied Statistics: Analysis of Variance and Regression.

Cited by 178 publications

References 0 publications

Carotid artery atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed female cynomolgus monkeys. Effects of oral contraceptive treatment, social factors, and regional adiposity.

Carotid artery atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed female cynomolgus monkeys. Effects of oral contraceptive treatment, social factors, and regional adiposity.

MIPoD: A Hypothesis‐Testing Framework for Microevolutionary Inference from Patterns of Divergence

Interannual variability in abundance of North Sea jellyfish and links to the North Atlantic Oscillation

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