Applied aspects of locomotion and biomechanics

Castro‐Santos, Theodore; Goerig, Elsa; He, Pingguo; Lauder, George V.

doi:10.1016/bs.fp.2022.04.003

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 207 publications

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“…Fish encounter turbulence not only in natural environments as a result of rapid stream flows, bottom topography, or obstacles in the water, but also under conditions where human-designed structures such as dams or fish passage structures create turbulence (52) (53) (54). A key issue in considering how fish must contend with these structures is understanding the length scale of turbulence encountered by fishes and whether or not fish prefer and could even benefit from a turbulent environment (55).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It remains unknown if fish (either individuals or schools) select particular turbulent length scales when swimming that could also allow locomotor energy savings in contrast to the increased costs demonstrated at other length scales. Perhaps the design of fish passage devices for habitat restoration should consider the ratio of turbulence eddy scale relative to the animal size to improve locomotor ability and reduce the cost of movement for fish (52). Alternatively, energetically costly turbulence flow generators could serve as aquatic barriers to perturb invasive species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Collective movement of schooling fish reduces locomotor cost in turbulence

Zhang,

Ko,

Calicchia

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The ecological and evolutionary benefits of collective behaviours are rooted in the physical principles and physiological mechanisms underpinning animal locomotion. We propose a turbulence sheltering hypothesis that collective movements of fish schools in turbulent flow can reduce the total energetic cost of locomotion by shielding individuals from the perturbation of chaotic turbulent eddies. We test this hypothesis by quantifying energetics and kinematics in schools of giant danio (Devario aequipinnatus) compared to solitary individuals swimming under control and turbulent conditions over a wide speed range. We discovered that, when swimming at high speeds and high turbulence levels, fish schools reduced their total energy expenditure (TEE, both aerobic and anaerobic energy) by 63–79% compared to solitary fish. Solitary individuals spend ~25% more kinematic effort (tail beat amplitude*frequency) to swim in turbulence at higher speeds than in control conditions. However, fish schools swimming in turbulence reduced their three-dimensional group volume by 41–68% (at higher speeds) and did not alter their kinematic effort compared to control conditions. This substantial energy saving highlighted a ~261% higher TEE when fish swimming alone in turbulence are compared to swimming in a school. Schooling behaviour could mitigate turbulent disturbances by sheltering fish within schools from the eddies of sufficient kinetic energy that can disrupt the locomotor gaits. Providing a more desirable internal hydrodynamic environment could be one of the ecological drivers underlying collective behaviours in a dense fluid environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collective movement of schooling fish reduces locomotor cost in turbulence

Zhang,

Ko,

Calicchia

et al. 2024

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Fish encounter turbulence not only in natural environments as a result of rapid stream flows, bottom topography, or obstacles in the water, but also under conditions where human-designed structures such as dams or fish passage structures create turbulence [ 58 – 60 ]. A key issue in considering how fish must contend with these structures is understanding the length scale of turbulence encountered by fishes and whether or not fish prefer and could even benefit from a turbulent environment [ 61 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collective movement of schooling fish reduces the costs of locomotion in turbulent conditions

Zhang,

Ko,

Calicchia

et al. 2024

PLoS Biol

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The ecological and evolutionary benefits of energy-saving in collective behaviors are rooted in the physical principles and physiological mechanisms underpinning animal locomotion. We propose a turbulence sheltering hypothesis that collective movements of fish schools in turbulent flow can reduce the total energetic cost of locomotion by shielding individuals from the perturbation of chaotic turbulent eddies. We test this hypothesis by quantifying energetics and kinematics in schools of giant danio (Devario aequipinnatus) and compared that to solitary individuals swimming under laminar and turbulent conditions over a wide speed range. We discovered that, when swimming at high speeds and high turbulence levels, fish schools reduced their total energy expenditure (TEE, both aerobic and anaerobic energy) by 63% to 79% compared to solitary fish (e.g., 228 versus 48 kj kg−1). Solitary individuals spend approximately 22% more kinematic effort (tail beat amplitude•frequency: 1.7 versus 1.4 BL s−1) to swim in turbulence at higher speeds than in laminar conditions. Fish schools swimming in turbulence reduced their three-dimensional group volume by 41% to 68% (at higher speeds, approximately 103 versus 33 cm3) and did not alter their kinematic effort compared to laminar conditions. This substantial energy saving highlights that schooling behaviors can mitigate turbulent disturbances by sheltering fish (within schools) from the eddies of sufficient kinetic energy that can disrupt locomotor gaits. Therefore, providing a more desirable internal hydrodynamic environment could be one of the ecological drivers underlying collective behaviors in a dense fluid environment.

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“…Table 1 below demonstrates the most relevant and reproducible techniques used and found in the literature. In their review LIU, et al [42][43][44], show the efficiency of some techniques most used in the remediation of groundwater contamination by nitrates and halogen compounds linked (CASTRO SANTOS, et al [45]), to carbonic chains, reporting their difficulty of removal by the formation of secondary compounds (TIWARI, et al [46]), or even by the residual effect generated to the water repositories, these researches show that the rate of use of this resource has increased a lot and that complementary studies and improvement of the techniques and the set of them for decontamination of this reserve are necessary. As shown by.…”

Section: Groundwater Remediation and Treatment Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater and Anthropic Activities: A Qualitative Study on Treatment Techniques

Oliveira

2024

BJSTR

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The hydrological water cycle comprises constant water movements, which have great influence on the maintenance of vital natural activities. Groundwater in particular constitutes a portion of aquifers, which are considered mobile reservoirs used mainly as a source of supply and human consumption. However, external influences have become largely responsible for the unbalance of the ecosystem, linked to the unbridled human consumption of finite natural resources and the consequent discharge of waste into the receiving bodies without the necessary treatment. The geological water cycle is interrupted when forests are cut down, springs and rivers are extinguished, and together with this, finally, the lack of basic sanitation alters the ecosystem, causing changes of great relevance to the world's population. Groundwater has suffered relevant impacts due to the loss of biodiversity of ecosystems, such as contamination, overuse, lack of current regulatory legislation for use, and the improvement of decontamination techniques. The analysis of the following activities is necessary, mainly due to the anthropic punctual impacts to the ecosystem, corroborating the need for satisfactory techniques. It is noticeable the need for extreme attention to the waste runoff via sanitary sewage to places that have treatment, but the same is not very efficient in retaining this liability, since some developing countries that have not reached about 90% treatment of sanitary sewage, demonstrating the lack of such activities. Thus, the objective of this study is to verify, by means of exploratory and bibliographic research in research bases, the measures that protect the water. Technological measures and sustainable management tools for this purpose will be reviewed, as well as the evolution of groundwater treatment techniques.

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Applied aspects of locomotion and biomechanics

Cited by 14 publications

References 207 publications

Collective movement of schooling fish reduces locomotor cost in turbulence

Collective movement of schooling fish reduces locomotor cost in turbulence

Collective movement of schooling fish reduces the costs of locomotion in turbulent conditions

Groundwater and Anthropic Activities: A Qualitative Study on Treatment Techniques

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