Applicator Exposure to Imidacloprid while Spraying Mangoes

Calumpang, S. M. F.; Medina, M. J. B.

doi:10.1007/s001289900246

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Calumpang and Medina reported that adequate protective equipment, including hat, goggles, gloves, apron and boots, can markedly reduce exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides during spraying . All poisoning patients should undergo skin decontamination and remove the contaminated clothes because neonicotinoid insecticides could be absorbed by inhalation and dermal contact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Poisoning with Neonicotinoid Insecticides: A Case Report and Literature Review

Lin

Liao

et al. 2013

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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Neonicotinoids are a new class of insecticides widely applied for crop protection. These insecticides act as agonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which cause insect paralysis and death. The high specificity for receptors in insects was considered to possess highly selective toxicity to insects and relative sparing of mammals. However, an increasing number of cases of acute neonicotinoid poisoning have been reported in recent years. We reported a man who developed respiratory failure and shock after ingestion of neonicotinoid insecticide. A detailed literature review found that respiratory, cardiovascular and certain neurological presentations are warning signs of severe neonicotinoid intoxication. The amounts of ingested neonicotinoid insecticide and the plasma neonicotinoid concentration are not useful guides for the management of intoxicated patients. Supportive treatment and decontamination are the practical methods for the management of all neonicotinoid-poisoned patients.Neonicotinoids, a new class of insecticide, are effective for crop protection and flea control. The insecticides act as agonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause insect paralysis and death [1,2]. The high specificity for receptors in insect contributes to their selective toxicity to insects and relative sparing of mammals [1]. The relatively low risk for nontarget organisms and the environment, the high specificity for target insects and the versatility in application methods have made neonicotinoids popular insecticides in recent years [1][2][3]. Accordingly, the number of cases with acute neonicotinoid poisoning also has dramatically increased in Taiwan [4]. The mortality rates of neonicotinoid poisoning in two large studies were 0-2.9%, which is much lower than that of other insecticides [4,5]. However, severe intoxication and even death after exposure to neonicotinoid were reported [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The exact mechanisms of neonicotinoid poisoning are still unknown, and physicians are unaware of the warning signs that could indicate the development of severe morbidity or poor outcome. Herein, we presented a patient with neonicotinoid poisoning from suicide attempt and reviewed the literature for better understanding the clinical features and management. Case ReportA 56-year-old man with a history of depression was treated in a psychiatric clinic regularly for 20 years. His wife found him attempting to commit suicide by ingesting approximately 40 ml of pesticide 20 min. before his arrival at the emergency department; he retched and vomited persistently. The pesticide was Tie-Sha-Zhang, which contains 9.6% imidacloprid in the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. At the time of arrival, his vital signs were as follows: body temperature, 36°C; pulse, 79 beats/min.; respiratory rate, 24/min.; and blood pressure, 87/ 56 mmHg. A physical examination revealed a drowsy man with dyspnoea, diaphoresis, drooling and multiple oral ulcers. Laboratory investigations demonstrated a white cell count of 1...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Poisoning with Neonicotinoid Insecticides: A Case Report and Literature Review

Lin

Liao

et al. 2013

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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“…In the scientific literature, there is only one assessment of exposure to imidacloprid: a study on six workers spraying mango trees in the Philippines in 1994 (Calumpang and Medina, 1996). External cutaneous exposure was assessed by the quantity of active ingredient found in the prescribed protective clothing, which were cotton tunics, skin was swabbed using gauze soaked in ethanol and cellulose absorbent pads were placed under protective garment of selected body parts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one study conducted during spraying of imidacloprid in mango orchards in the Philippines in 1994 (Calumpang and Medina, 1996), the active ingredient as such and the metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid were assayed in urine of the six workers. Analysis by high performance LC/UV with DLs of 0.025 and 0.20 mg/l, respectively, failed to find the two analytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study was conducted (Calumpang and Medina, 1996) during spraying mango trees in the Philippines. Some studies have been conducted by our research group in greenhouses (Aprea et al, 1994(Aprea et al, , 1999(Aprea et al, , 2001(Aprea et al, , 2002 and tunnels (Aprea et al, 2005) during stapling of ornamental plants treated with different pesticides (phosphoric esters or chlorthalonil).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of inhaled and cutaneous doses of imidacloprid during stapling ornamental plants in tunnels or greenhouses

Aprea¹,

Lunghini²,

Banchi³

et al. 2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The aim of this research was to assess dermal and respiratory exposure of workers to imidacloprid during manual operations with ornamental plants previously treated in greenhouses or tunnels. A total of 10 female workers, 5 in greenhouses and 5 in tunnels, were monitored for 3 or 5 consecutive days. Actual skin contamination, excluding hands, was evaluated using nine filter paper pads placed directly on the skin. To evaluate the efficacy of protective clothing in reducing occupational exposure we also placed four pads on top of the outer clothing. Hand contamination was evaluated by washing with 95% ethanol. Respiratory exposure was evaluated by personal air sampling. Respiratory dose was calculated on the basis of a lung ventilation of 15 l/min. Absorbed doses were calculated assuming a skin penetration of 10% and a respiratory retention of 100%. Dislodgeable foliar residues (DFRs) were determined during the days of re-entry in order to determine the dermal transfer factor. From the dependence of dermal exposure of hands from DFRs, a mean transfer factor was estimated to be 36.4 cm 2 /h. Imidacloprid was determined by liquid chromatography with selective mass detection and electrospray interface in all matrices analysed. Respiratory dose was 4.1 ± 4.0 (0.1-14.3)% and 3.0 ± 2.0 (0.6-6.9)% (mean ± SD (range)) of the total real dose during work in tunnels and greenhouses, respectively. The estimated absorbed doses, 0.29 ± 0.45 mg/kg (0.06-2.25 mg/kg) body weight and 0.32±0.18 mg/kg (0.07-0.66 mg/kg) body weight (mean±SD (range)) in tunnels and in greenhouses, respectively, were less than the acceptable operator exposure level of 0.15 mg/kg body weight and than the acceptable daily intake of 0.05 mg/kg body weight. The hands and exposed skin of all workers were found to be contaminated, indicating that greater precautions, such as daily changing of gloves and clothing, are necessary to reduce skin exposure.

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“…Data on human exposure to imidacloprid is limited to occupational exposures [12], [13], [14], [15] and 13 case reports of self-poisoning [14], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. Mild clinical effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis, nausea and vomiting occur, but more serious sequelae including respiratory failure, seizures [15], [17], [20] and even death [16], [18], [21] are reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Human Self-Poisoning with Imidacloprid Compound: A Neonicotinoid Insecticide

et al. 2009

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BackgroundDeliberate self-poisoning with older pesticides such as organophosphorus compounds are commonly fatal and a serious public health problem in the developing world. The clinical consequences of self-poisoning with newer pesticides are not well described. Such information may help to improve clinical management and inform pesticide regulators of their relative toxicity. This study reports the clinical outcomes and toxicokinetics of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid following acute self-poisoning in humans.Methodology/Principal FindingsDemographic and clinical data were prospectively recorded in patients with imidacloprid exposure in three hospitals in Sri Lanka. Blood samples were collected when possible for quantification of imidacloprid concentration. There were 68 patients (61 self-ingestions and 7 dermal exposures) with exposure to imidacloprid. Of the self-poisoning patients, the median time to presentation was 4 hours (IQR 2.3–6.0) and median amount ingested was 15 mL (IQR 10–50 mL). Most patients only developed mild symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, headache and diarrhoea. One patient developed respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation while another was admitted to intensive care due to prolonged sedation. There were no deaths. Median admission imidacloprid concentration was 10.58 ng/L; IQR: 3.84–15.58 ng/L, Range: 0.02–51.25 ng/L. Changes in the concentration of imidacloprid in serial blood samples were consistent with prolonged absorption and/or saturable elimination.ConclusionsImidacloprid generally demonstrates low human lethality even in large ingestions. Respiratory failure and reduced level of consciousness were the most serious complications, but these were uncommon. Substitution of imidacloprid for organophosphorus compounds in areas where the incidence of self-poisoning is high may help reduce deaths from self-poisoning.

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Applicator Exposure to Imidacloprid while Spraying Mangoes

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Acute Poisoning with Neonicotinoid Insecticides: A Case Report and Literature Review

Acute Poisoning with Neonicotinoid Insecticides: A Case Report and Literature Review

Evaluation of inhaled and cutaneous doses of imidacloprid during stapling ornamental plants in tunnels or greenhouses

Acute Human Self-Poisoning with Imidacloprid Compound: A Neonicotinoid Insecticide

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