Applications of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials in Breast Cancer Theranostics

Abstract

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Early stage diagnosis and treatment of this cancer are crucial to patients’ survival. In addition, it is important to avoid severe side effects during the process of conventional treatments (surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapy) and increase the patients’ quality of life. Over the past decade, nanomaterials of all kinds have shown excellent prospects in different aspects of oncology. Among them, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are unique due to their physical and chemical properties. The functional variability of 2D nanomaterials stems from their large specific surface area as well as the diversity of composition, electronic configurations, interlayer forces, surface functionalities, and charges. In this review, the current status of 2D nanomaterials in breast cancer diagnosis and therapy is reviewed. In this respect, sensing of the tumor biomarkers, imaging, therapy, and theranostics are discussed. The ever-growing 2D nanomaterials are building blocks for the development of a myriad of nanotheranostics. Accordingly, there is the possibility to explore yet novel properties, biological effects, and oncological applications.

Effect of Aminated Chitosan-Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles with Applicational Potential in Nanomedicine on DPPG, DSPC, and POPC Langmuir Monolayers as Cell Membrane Models

“…Nanomaterials such as graphene, silicene, germanene, nanotubes, and nanoparticles thanks to their novel intrinsic properties have attracted the attention of researchers from both academic and industrial sectors in the chemical, environmental, optoelectronic, and medical fields [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. An important place among them belongs to magnetite nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ), which show application potential, especially in nanomedicine in magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, enzyme immobilization, cell labeling, separation and purification of biomolecules, and in enrichment of DNA [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

A highly sensitive biosensor based on methacrylated graphene oxide-grafted polyaniline for ascorbic acid determination

“…Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms with sp 2 chemical bonds, is the base for all nanoscale carbon materials such as fluorine bucky balls and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Simple production procedures in comparison with other carbon nanomaterials and several properties, including zero band gap, high conductivity, flexibility, exceptional chemical stability, extremely wide porous structure, high specific surface area, high mobility of charge carriers and cost efficiency, make the graphene a promising nanomaterial for the next era [21].…”

Preclinical Cancer Theranostics—From Nanomaterials to Clinic: The Missing Link

“…[ 273 ] For example, their nanostructures can impart high drug loading capacity as well as efficient light‐heat conversion and consequent photothermal and/or photodynamic capacity for cancer theranostic applications. [ 274–276 ] However, while 2D nanomaterials are as such, their properties vary according to a range of factors, including materials chemistry. [ 277 ] It also is clear that the properties of 2D nanomaterials depend on other factors, particularly the exposed crystallographic planes, which determine, inter alia, surface energies and associated reactivities, adsorption energies, polarities, and defect types and concentrations.…”