Applications of Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts: A Mixed Progress Report

Ricklefs, Robert E.; Starck, J. Matthias

doi:10.2307/3545598

Cited by 251 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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178

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“…Ricklefs and Starck 1996;Martin et al 2005), especially if there are many closely related species of similar body size in a genus, and is therefore no guarantee to obtain the most reliable results for a particular dataset (Rohlf 2006). Thus, we always report results of analyses based on log-transformed species data (TIP, denoted here as "raw") as well as from independent contrasts analyses (PIC, denoted here as "IC").…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Expensive Brain: A framework for explaining evolutionary changes in brain size

Isler

Schaik

2009

Journal of Human Evolution

383

409

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Expensive Brain: A framework for explaining evolutionary changes in brain size

Isler

Schaik

2009

Journal of Human Evolution

383

409

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“…It has been claimed that these methods "remove" grade shift effects (following Harvey and Pagel, 1991), but there is a major drawback in their built-in tendency to magnify the effects of "error" variation (e.g. Ricklefs and Starck, 1996;Martin et al, 2005). In a large sample, calculating contrasts between closely related species may yield a bias towards a lower slope of the best-fit line, because contrasts within genera or within subfamilies predominate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocranial volumes of primate species: scaling analyses using a comprehensive and reliable data set

Isler

Kirk

Miller

et al. 2008

Journal of Human Evolution

267

284

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We present a compilation of endocranial volumes (ECV) for 176 non-human primate species, based on individual data collected from 3813 museum specimens, at least 88% being wild-caught. In combination with body mass data from wild individuals, strong correlations between endocranial volume and body mass within taxonomic groups were found. Errors attributable to different techniques for measuring cranial capacity were negligible and unbiased. The overall slopes for regressions of log ECV on log body mass in primates are 0.773 for least-squares regression and 0.793 for reduced major axis regression. The leastsquares slope is reduced to 0.565 when independent contrasts are substituted for species means (branch lengths from molecular studies). A common slope of 0.646 is obtained with logged species means when grade shifts between major groups are taken into account using ANCOVA. In addition to providing a comprehensive and reliable database for comparative analyses of primate brain size, we show that the scaling relationship between brain mass and ECV does not differ significantly from isometry in primates. We also demonstrate that ECV does not differ substantially between captive and wild samples of the same species. ECV may be a more reliable indicator of brain size than brain mass, because considerably larger samples can be collected to better represent the full range of intraspecific variation. We also provide support for the maternal energy hypothesis by showing that BMR and gestation period are both positively correlated with brain size in primates, after controlling for the influence of body mass and potential effects of phylogenetic relatedness.

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“…Moreover, fully accounting for phylogenetic relatedness would likely reduce somewhat the degrees of freedom and perhaps increase the variance in the relationships shown here. But, given the taxonomic breadth of the data, and the strength of the relationships, such an analysis would be unlikely to affect the overall results (Ricklefs & Starck 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hotter is Smarter: The temperature-dependence of brain size in vertebrates

Gillooly

2013

Preprint

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View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/301), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Hotter is Smarter: The temperature-dependence of brain size in vertebratesThe tremendous variation in brain size among vertebrates has long been thought to be related to differences in species' metabolic rates. Species with higher metabolic rates can supply more energy to support the relatively high cost of brain tissue. And yet, while body temperature is known to be a major determinant of metabolic rate, the possible effects of temperature on brain size have scarcely been explored. Thus, here I explore the effects of temperature on brain size among diverse vertebrates (fishes,amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). I find that, after controlling for body size,brain size increases exponentially with temperature in much the same way asmetabolic rate. These results suggest that temperature-dependent changes inaerobic capacity, which have long been known to affect physical performance, similarly affect brain size. The observed temperature-dependence of brain size may explain observed gradients in brain size among both ectotherms and endotherms across broad spatial and temporal scales.PeerJ PrePrints | https://peerj.com/preprints/155v1/ | v1

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Applications of Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts: A Mixed Progress Report

Cited by 251 publications

References 30 publications

The Expensive Brain: A framework for explaining evolutionary changes in brain size

The Expensive Brain: A framework for explaining evolutionary changes in brain size

Endocranial volumes of primate species: scaling analyses using a comprehensive and reliable data set

Hotter is Smarter: The temperature-dependence of brain size in vertebrates

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