Applications of parallel dispensing in PV metallization

Pospischil, Maximilian; Riebe, Tim; Jimenez, Ana; Kuchler, M.; Tepner, Sebastian; Geipel, T.; Ourinson, Daniel; Fellmeth, Tobias; Breitenbücher, Marian; Bück, Thomas; Dhamrin, M.; Clement, Florian

doi:10.1063/1.5125870

Cited by 24 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The questions are how the performances of those printing technologies on CIGS substrates compare and which advantage each approach has. [ 34,37,53 ]…”

Section: Overview On Printing Technologies For Metallization Of Cigs mentioning

confidence: 99%

CIGS Mini‐Modules with Dispensed Metallization on Transparent Conductive Oxide Layer

et al. 2020

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This article presents the application of a parallel dispensing device for low‐temperature silver paste metallization on transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers of Cu(In1 − xGax)Se2 (CIGS) substrates as an alternative metallization technology to screen printing and inkjet printing. A curing variation experiment is performed to analyze the effect of different curing conditions on the resulting contact resistivity of the metal grid. Contact resistivity values below 5 mΩcm2 are achieved. Furthermore, CIGS mini‐modules are metallized with three different low‐temperature paste formulations obtaining a record core finger geometry of 25 μm and an average optical aspect ratio of 0.46 using 25 μm nozzle openings. The dispensed metal grid on the TCO layers achieves the comparable current density values of jsc = 32.2 mA cm−2 and the open‐circuit voltages values per cell of Voc = 672 mV as the screen printed metal grid on CIGS mini‐modules and, hence, a nominal power of 2.05 W. The metal grid enables the use of broader cell widths compared with grid‐free CIGS samples and results in a reduced dead area.

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“…The questions are how the performances of those printing technologies on CIGS substrates compare and which advantage each approach has. [ 34,37,53 ]…”

Section: Overview On Printing Technologies For Metallization Of Cigs mentioning

confidence: 99%

CIGS Mini‐Modules with Dispensed Metallization on Transparent Conductive Oxide Layer

et al. 2020

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“…The predicted increase in throughput rates is crucial when flatbed screen printing wants to maintain its dominant role on the metallization market. Other high‐throughput printing technologies are emerging (e.g., parallel dispensing approach [ 4,32 ] and rotary screen printing [ 33 ] ). In order to maintain the rate at which the success story of screen‐printed metallization has been progressing over the last decade, the scientific community needs to focus their research on both influencing parameters of the shear rate rather than optimizing one by completely neglecting the other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 3 ] Therefore, flatbed screen printing is catching up with other fine‐line printing approaches for solar cell metallization. Recent studies reported finger widths down to 17 µm by using the parallel dispensing approach [ 4 ] and 20 µm by using pattern transfer printing. [ 5 ] Both results demonstrated homogenous line widths at competitive printing speeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Link between Ag‐Paste Rheology and Screen‐Printed Solar Cell Metallization

Tepner

Wengenmeyr

Linse

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Technologies

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printing machine technology with the goal of continuously increasing production throughput while improving alignment precision. Additionally, further paste development is conducted to enhance printed line geometry and contact formation. Over the last 15 years, screen printing of Ag-pastes for Si-solar cell metallization has become a success story by decreasing the printed electrode width from ≈120 µm in 2007 reported by Mette [2] toward only 20 µm reported by Tepner et al. in 2020. [3] Therefore, flatbed screen printing is catching up with other fine-line printing approaches for solar cell metallization. Recent studies reported finger widths down to 17 µm by using the parallel dispensing approach [4] and 20 µm by using pattern transfer printing. [5] Both results demonstrated homogenous line widths at competitive printing speeds. These achievements of screen printing have their origin in the continuous efforts of the industry around metallization to improve their technology and products and the scientific community providing an in-depth insight into the underlying physics around that topic. Over the years, the latter provided various research studies, focusing on understanding the impact of paste rheology, [6-10] optimizing the electrical performance of Ag-contacts, [11-14] and the impact of screen design on printing results. [6,15-19] Commonly available Ag-pastes for front-side PERC are highly filled suspensions containing up to 95 wt% spherical Ag-particles with diameters below 5 µm. [2,20] They show non-Newtonian flow characteristics with strong shear thinning behavior after exhibiting significant yield stress. [21,22] A fast and reproducible screen printing process imposes a few crucial requirements on the rheology because the paste is first excessively sheared when being transferred through a fine mesh. [23] Afterward, it is further pushed onto the substrate through the screen opening width w n and the height EOM (emulsion over mesh). During this motion, shearing should already be minimized because the recovery of the zero shear viscosity is highly time-dependent (thixotropic behavior). [6,24] Usually, this minimization of shearing within the screen opening is achieved by the paste's ability to slip at the emulsion surface. This effect has been the focus of several research studies, which showed how slip effects are enhancing screen-printing performance. [25-27] After the paste has been pushed through the screen opening onto the substrate, the Today's photovoltaic production chain is moving into a material crisis as the use of silver for front-side metallization of passivated emitter and rear contact solar cells remains a crucial requirement. The shared effort of the scientific and industrial community to further reduce Ag-consumption as much as possible without compromising cell efficiency has become more challenging in recent years. Further improvements require a deep understanding on the paste-screen interaction at narrow line widths. This study presents the impact of Ag-paste rheology on fine line screen ...

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“…19 Furthermore, in another work the same authors showed that aspect ratios of dispensed structures are strongly inuenced by the underlying surface properties and process parameters for a variety of different photovoltaics applications. 20 Based on experiences from photovoltaic applications, we investigate in this study customized Si/C-graphite blend slurries as anode for 3D-MLIBs unprecedented in scientic reports. As it was already stated earlier in this manuscript energy density of 3D-printed batteries can be increased by depositing active material in the z-direction whereas power density of the cell remains constant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%