Applications of Nuclear Techniques, Computer Simulation and Microscopy to Surface Analysis of Materials

Abstract

There is a wide range of surface analysis techniques which are, generally, complementary. Nuclear and nonnuclear techniques have been available. Nuclear techniques, which are non-destructive, provide for analysis over a few microns close to the surface of the sample, giving absolute values of concentrations of isotopes and elements. They have been applied in areas such as scientific, technologic, industry, arts and medicine, using MeV ion beams [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Nuclear reactions permit tracing of isotopes with high sensitivities. We use ion-ion nuclear reactions, elastic scattering and the energy analysis method where, at a chosen energy of the incident ion beam, an energy spectrum is recorded of ions from nuclear events, coming from several depths in the target. Such spectra are computationally predicted, giving target composition and concentration profile information [4][5][6][7][8]. A computer program has been developed in this context, mainly for flat targets [4][5][6][7]. The non-flat target situation arises as an extension. Successful applications of the method are given using the 18 O(p,α 0 ) 15 N reaction and elastic scattering of ( 4 He) + ions. SEM and TEM are used as useful complementary techniques.Two types of samples were prepared containing thick and thin oxides, respectively. The first sample (S1) was obtained by high temperature oxidation of austenitic steel in C 18 O 2 gas. Weight gain measurements had given a 4.2 μm thick oxide. SEM has shown a reasonably flat oxide (Figure 1 (a)). The second sample (S2, also labelled Al/Al 2 O 3 ) was obtained by anodization of high purity aluminium at 100V in an aqueous solution of ammonium citrate. An oxide thickness of 0.1370 μm was expected. TEM has given an oxide film thickness of 0.1340 μm (Figure 1 (b)). The 18 O(p,α 0 ) 15 N reaction at E p =1.78 MeV and 165º was used to analyse sample S1. Figure 2 (a) shows a good computed fit to data. A 18 O step concentration profile was found, corresponding to a thick 18 O oxide with thickness X 1 =4.4 μm. Sample S2 was analysed by elastic scattering of α particles at E α =2.0 MeV and 165º. Figure 2 (b) shows a good computed fit to data. A thin oxide film thickness of X 1 =0.1350 μm was found, close to the TEM value. The fit also shows a ratio of atomic densities of O and Al slightly above 1.5. The combined use of nuclear techniques, SEM and TEM microscopy has proved to be very important for surface analysis of materials. The reported results would be difficult to obtain by other techniques.

Non-Destructive Surface Analysis of Materials by MeV Ion Beams, Microscopy and Computer Simulation

“…Nuclear techniques, which are essentially non-destructive, provide for analysis over a few microns giving absolute values of concentrations of isotopes and elements. Applications have been given in a variety of areas such as scientific, technologic, industry, arts and medicine, using low energy MeV ion beams [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Nuclear reactions make it possible tracing of isotopes with high sensitivities.…”

“…Θ L is the laboratory detection angle and Θ R is the target rotation angle. Such spectra are simulated and compared with experimental data, giving target composition and concentration profile information [4][5][6][7]. Elastic scattering is a particular and important case.…”

Applications of MeV ion beams and microscopy to non-destructive surface analysis of materials

“…Nuclear techniques, which are non-destructive, provide for analysis over a few microns close to the surface giving absolute values of concentrations of isotopes and elements. Applications have been given in areas such as scientific, technologic, industry, arts and medicine, using MeV ion beams [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Tracing of isotopes with high sensitivities is possible by nuclear reactions.…”

“…Elastic scattering is a particular and important case. A computer program has been developed in this context, mainly for flat targets [4][5][6]. The non-flat target situation arises as an extension.…”

“…At a suitably chosen energy of the incident ion beam, an energy spectrum is acquired of ions from the reaction, coming from several depths in the target. Such spectra are computer simulated and compared with experimental data, giving target composition and concentration profile information [4][5][6][7]. Elastic scattering is a particular and important case.…”