“…Nanoparticles including carbon nanotube, metal nanoparticles were employed as the amplification platform for the immobilization of molecular recognition elements [18], such as antibody [19], aptamer [20], carbohydrate [21], or peptide [22]. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs), with unique properties such as their fascinating electrocatalytic activity, large surface area, excellent conductivity, and stability, have been widely used in designing ECL biosenesors [23,24]. Generally, the ECL biosensors utilize GNPs for the modification of the substrate electrodes, which provide large electrode area and also facilitate the electron transfer between the ECL signals and the electrodes, thus affording the possibility of the improvement of ECL performance.…”