Applications of Nano-Baskets of Calixarenes in Chromatography

Abstract

Nano-baskets of calixarenes have been subject to extensive research in the construction of liquid chromatographic phases, extractants, transporters, electrode ionophores, and optical and electrochemical sensors over the past 4 decades. There has long been interest in calixarene-based liquid chromatographic phases. Owing to the recent rapid growth in the number of publications on calixarene-based liquid chromatographic phases, this review paper focuses on their different applications in the main fields of molecular and ionic species as well as liquid chromatographic mobile and stationary phases. Although the recent reports have focused on the optimization and application of one kind or a unique group of calixarenic mobile or stationary phases, this review is a collection and comparison of a variety of research data dealing with the synthesis, preparation and behavior of calixarene-based liquid chromatographic phases.

Preparation and Characterization of Bonded-Phases of Calixarene-Sulfonyl-Carboxamides in Partial-Cone Conformation for Determination of Salbutamol in Livestock by Nano-Mediated Bonded-Phases: Nano-Baskets of Calixarene in Partial-Cone Conformation

“…The resulting solution was filtered through 0.22 μm filter and the filtrate (10 μL) was ready for analysis. p-tert-butyl-calix [8]arene steroids [25] calix [6]arene-p-sulfonate nitrophenol, methoxyphenol, cresol, aminophenol and chlorophenol [26] C-tetraundecylcalix [4]resorcinarene cytosine, uracil and thymine [27] calix [8]arene tricyclic neuroleptic [28] calix [4]arenes benzene or uracil derivatives [29] caltrex BIIE paracetamol, caffeine and acetylsalicylic acid [30] caltrex AIII celecoxib [31] fluorinated calix [4]arene fluorine compounds [32] p-tert-butyl-calix [8]arene aromatic carboxylic acids [33] 9-amino(9-deoxy)-epiquinine calix [4]arene, 9-amino(9-deoxy)-quinine calix [4]arene cyclic amino acids [34] caltrex AI, caltrex AII, caltrex AIII, caltrex BI, caltrex BII and caltrex BIII PAHs, phenols, substituted aromatics, xanthines, barbituric acid, benzoic acid esters [35] calix [4]arene tetradiethylamide amino acid ester hydrochlorides [36,37] calix [4]resorcinarene and calix [4,6,8]arene flupentixol, chlorprothixene, clopenthixol, and doxepin [38] p-tert-butylcalix [4,6,8]arene disubstituted aromatics, uracil derivatives, and estradiol epimers [39] p-tert-butylcalix [4,6,8]arene peptide bond isomers of proline [40] p-tert-butyl-calix [4]arene nucleosides, PAHs and bases [41] calix [6]<...>…”

“…In order to protect consumers, specific and sensitive methods for the identification and quantitation of salbutamol in meat and other food are required. Nano-baskets of calixarenes and calixcrowns are a versatile class of macrocycles, which have been subject to extensive research in development of many extractants, (using gas chromatograph, Teif Gostar Faraz Co.) transporters and stationary phases over the past four decades [4][5][6]. Functionalization of calix [4]arenes at both the upper rim and the lower rim has been extensively studied [7][8][9].…”

Structure Optimization of Di-ionizable Calixarene Nano-baskets for Competitive Solvent Extraction of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals

“…[1][2][3][4][5] In the nineteenth century, Baeyer synthesized them via the reaction of formaldehyde with p-substituted phenols in basic or acidic environment. 6 In the 1940s, Zinke and Ziegler discovered that the products possessed cyclic tetrameric structures.…”

“…7 In 1975, Gutsche introduced the presently accepted name of calixarene. 8 The small calixarenic cycles, calix [4]arene, possess a bowlshaped conformation 9 and those with pendent protonionizable groups, such as carboxylic acid, 10 phosphinoyl,…”

“…The ionizable groups not only participate in cooperative metal ion coordination, but also eliminate the need to transfer the anions from the aqueous phase into the organic phase by operating in a cationexchange mode with the metal cation. In this work, two proton-ionizable function groups, N-phenyl-sulfonyl carboxamide, were incorporated into calix [4]arene scaffold. A special feature of such modification is that the hydrolysis of the N-phenyl-sulfonyl carboxamide moiety is tunable by changing the pH of solution.…”