“…Actually, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown safety as well as therapeutic significance in the field of regenerative medicine ( Mocchi et al, 2020 ). Currently, about 1,000 clinical trials worldwide have been reported to use MSCs to treat various diseases ( Pittenger et al, 2019 ; Kabat et al, 2020 ), including inflammatory and fibrotic diseases ( Ryu et al, 2020 ); liver disease ( Zhu et al, 2021 ), bone and joint diseases ( Li N. et al, 2020 ), inflammatory bowel diseases ( Zhang X. et al, 2020 ), diabetes ( Kuang et al, 2021 ), cardiovascular diseases ( Chen et al, 2021 ), neurodegenerative diseases ( Fayazi et al, 2021 ), spinal cord injuries ( Huang et al, 2021 ) and so on. Likewise, the emergence of cell-based therapies has also paved the way for utilizing MSCs in IVDD treatment.…”