Applications of low-temperature thermochemical energy storage systems for salt hydrates based on material classification: A review

Lin, Jun‐You; Zhao, Qian; Huang, Haiyu; Mao, Hongzhi; Liu, Yexin; Xiao, Yimin

doi:10.1016/j.solener.2020.11.055

Cited by 74 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…Chloride has a high hygroscopicity and is easy to overhydrate to form a solution in the hydration reaction; this drastically decreases the hydration reaction stability. In comparison, sulfate, due to weak reaction kinetics and insufficient transfer water vapor, experiences an incomplete reaction [57]. By combining these two salts (sulfate and chloride), the dehydrated sulfate was partly dissolved in a solution of chloride hydrated salt to form a higher hydrate state.…”

Section: Composites Based Binary Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This prevents the instability of excessive chloride hydration and increases the hydration kinetics of the sulfate salt. To avoid the reactor corrosion by chlorides, a mixture with a high sulfate ratio and low desorption temperature need to be combined [57]. In order to prepare various binary salts, Rammelberg et al [192] mixed MgCl 2 , MgSO 4 , MgBr 2 , FeSO 4 , and CaCl 2 , examined the properties and circulation stability of each binary salt via a continuous process of hydration/dehydration.…”

Section: Composites Based Binary Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey Summary on Salts Hydrates and Composites Used in Thermochemical Sorption Heat Storage: A Review

Zbair

Bennici

2021

Energies

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To improve the proficiency of energy systems in addition to increasing the usage of renewable energies, thermal energy storage (TES) is a strategic path. The present literature review reports an overview of the recent advancements in the utilization of salt hydrates (single or binary mixtures) and composites as sorbents for sorption heat storage. Starting by introducing various heat storage systems, the operating concept of the adsorption TES was clarified and contrasted to other technologies. Consequently, a deep examination and crucial problems related to the different types of salt hydrates and adsorbents were performed. Recent advances in the composite materials used in sorption heat storage were also reviewed and compared. A deep discussion related to safety, price, availability, and hydrothermal stability issues is reported. Salt hydrates display high theoretical energy densities, which are promising materials in TES. However, they show a number of drawbacks for use in the basic state including low temperature overhydration and deliquescence (e.g., MgCl2), high temperature degradation, sluggish kinetics leading to a low temperature rise (e.g., MgSO4), corrosiveness and toxicity (e.g., Na2S), and low mass transport due to the material macrostructure. The biggest advantage of adsorption materials is that they are more hydrothermally stable. However, since adsorption is the most common sorption phenomenon, such materials have a lower energy content. Furthermore, when compared to salt hydrates, they have higher prices per mass, which reduces their appeal even further when combined with lower energy densities. Economies of scale and the optimization of manufacturing processes may help cut costs. Among the zeolites, Zeolite 13X is among the most promising. Temperature lifts of 35–45 °C were reached in lab-scale reactors and micro-scale experiments under the device operating settings. Although the key disadvantage is an excessively high desorption temperature, which is problematic to attain using heat sources, for instance, solar thermal collectors. To increase the energy densities and enhance the stability of adsorbents, composite materials have been examined to ameliorate the stability and to achieve suitable energy densities. Based on the reviewed materials, MgSO4 has been identified as the most promising salt; it presents a higher energy density compared to other salts and can be impregnated in a porous matrix to prepare composites in order to overcome the drawbacks connected to its use as pure salt. However, due to pore volume reduction, potential deliquescence and salt leakage from the composite as well as degradation, issues with heat and mass transport can still exist. In addition, to increase the kinetics, stability, and energy density, the use of binary salt deposited in a porous matrix is suitable. Nevertheless, this solution should take into account the deliquescence, safety, and cost of the selected salts. Therefore, binary systems can be the solution to design innovative materials with predetermined sorption properties adapted to particular sorption heat storage cycles. Finally, working condition, desorption temperature, material costs, lifetime, and reparation, among others, are the essential point for commercial competitiveness. High material costs and desorption temperatures, combined with lower energy densities under normal device operating conditions, decrease their market attractiveness. As a result, the introduction of performance metrics within the scientific community and the use of economic features on a material scale are suggested.

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Section: Composites Based Binary Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Composites Based Binary Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey Summary on Salts Hydrates and Composites Used in Thermochemical Sorption Heat Storage: A Review

Zbair

Bennici

2021

Energies

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“…The projects listed in Table 8 are very few of the projects in thermochemical heat storage, but the results obtained are very encouraging and deserve to be deepened and improved. More details on the projects carried out at the material and reactor level for TCHS can be found in the recent work carried out by Lin et al [174].…”

Section: Caco 3 /Caomentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Status and Prospects on Thermochemical Heat Storage Processes and Applications

Gbenou

Fopah-Lele

Wang

2021

Entropy

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Recent contributions to thermochemical heat storage (TCHS) technology have been reviewed and have revealed that there are four main branches whose mastery could significantly contribute to the field. These are the control of the processes to store or release heat, a perfect understanding and designing of the materials used for each storage process, the good sizing of the reactor, and the mastery of the whole system connected to design an efficient system. The above-mentioned fields constitute a very complex area of investigation, and most of the works focus on one of the branches to deepen their research. For this purpose, significant contributions have been and continue to be made. However, the technology is still not mature, and, up to now, no definitive, efficient, autonomous, practical, and commercial TCHS device is available. This paper highlights several issues that impede the maturity of the technology. These are the limited number of research works dedicated to the topic, the simulation results that are too illusory and impossible to implement in real prototypes, the incomplete analysis of the proposed works (simulation works without experimentation or experimentations without prior simulation study), and the endless problem of heat and mass transfer limitation. This paper provides insights and recommendations to better analyze and solve the problems that still challenge the technology.

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“…[2] Thermal energy storage technologies, can be divided into sensible, [3,4] latent, [5,6] and thermochemical storage (TCS) systems, [7][8][9][10] are prospective means to bridge the time and space lag between energy supply and demand. [11] TCS, which can upgrade the stored heat at an arbitrary temperature with high heat storage densities, [12][13][14][15] and no heat loss, [16] is more suitable for efficient utilization of low-grade thermal energy. There are many literature that have described the adsorption process of metal salts with water, [17][18][19][20] ammonia, [21][22][23][24][25] methanol, [26][27][28] or metal alloys, [29,30] for utilizing low-grade thermal energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H₂O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

Zeng

et al. 2021

Energy Tech

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3D Graphene (3D‐GF) modified with different additive concentrations (phytic acid [PA] and ascorbic acid [AA]) is developed and then combined with different LiOH contents by the hydrothermal method to obtain composite materials. It can be found that the addition of PA and AA will not destroy the carbon skeleton structure of 3D‐GF. With increasing additive content, the thermal conductivities of modified 3D‐GF first increase and reach their maximum values at 8 mg mL−1. The modified 3D‐GF with the highest thermal conductivity is selected to be combined with different LiOH contents. The addition of PA and AA can broaden the charging temperature range from 60–110 to 30–200 °C and improve the LiOH hydration rate and heat storage density. Compared with the PA‐modified composite, the AA‐modified composite shows smaller (about 7.6 nm) and more uniform LiOH·H2O particles (the particles size standard deviation of 3D‐GF‐AA‐LiOH·H2O is 1.1503), a larger specific surface area (119 m2 g−1), higher heat storage density (the highest value of 2763 kJ kg−1 for LiOH⋅H2O, which can be about 4.2 times of pure LiOH), and less influenced by the change of LiOH content (the thermal conductivity standard deviation of 3D‐GF‐AA‐LiOH·H2O is 0.123).

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Applications of low-temperature thermochemical energy storage systems for salt hydrates based on material classification: A review

Cited by 74 publications

References 211 publications

Survey Summary on Salts Hydrates and Composites Used in Thermochemical Sorption Heat Storage: A Review

Survey Summary on Salts Hydrates and Composites Used in Thermochemical Sorption Heat Storage: A Review

Recent Status and Prospects on Thermochemical Heat Storage Processes and Applications

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H₂O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

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Applications of low-temperature thermochemical energy storage systems for salt hydrates based on material classification: A review

Cited by 74 publications

References 211 publications

Survey Summary on Salts Hydrates and Composites Used in Thermochemical Sorption Heat Storage: A Review

Survey Summary on Salts Hydrates and Composites Used in Thermochemical Sorption Heat Storage: A Review

Recent Status and Prospects on Thermochemical Heat Storage Processes and Applications

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H2O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

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Product

Resources

About

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H₂O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages