Applications of graphene and its derivatives in intracellular biosensing and bioimaging

Abstract

Graphene has a unique planar structure, as well as excellent electronic properties, and has attracted a great deal of interest from scientists. Graphene and its derivatives display advantageous characteristics as a biosensing platform due to their high surface area, good biocompatibility and ease of functionalization. Moreover, graphene and its derivatives exhibit excellent optical properties; thus they are considered to be promising and attractive candidates for bioimaging, mainly of cells and tissues. Following an introduction and a discussion of the optical properties of graphene, this review assesses the methods for engineering the functions of graphene and its derivatives. Specific examples are given on the use of graphene and its derivatives in fluorescence bioimaging, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Finally, the prospects and further developments in this exciting field of graphene-based materials are suggested.

Graphene and Graphene‐Based Materials in Biomedical Science

“…The dyes, polystyrenes (PSs), QDs, gold nanoclusters (GNCs), or up conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) functionalized GO/rGO have been broadly researched for FL imaging. GQDs has photoluminescence, and can be highly utilized as photoluminescence probes for FL imaging . Nitrogen‐doped GQDs (N‐GQDs) are also known to show a strong two‐photon absorption cross‐section and are also found to be an efficient two‐photon fluorescent probe for TPFI .…”

“…GQDs has photoluminescence, and can be highly utilized as photoluminescence probes for FL imaging. [282] Nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) are also known to show a strong two-photon absorption cross-section and are also found to be an efficient two-photon fluorescent probe for TPFI. [283] All the more strikingly, graphene and its derivatives additionally show awesome potential as productive quenchers in graphenebased nanosensors for some fluorescent moieties, including molecular dyes, QDs, and conjugated polymers by means of FL resonance energy exchange or charge exchange.…”

SERS of Trititanate Nanotubes: Selective Enhancement of Catechol Compounds

“…This study offers further insights into catechol coatings of nanomaterials and SERS by the chemical method. We expect this composite material to have applications in bioimaging, and in bio and chemical, detection where the biocompatible nature of the system will be an advantage ,…”

Graphene based biosensors—Accelerating medical diagnostics to new-dimensions

“…This includes immune components, NA, specific proteins, DNA, biochemical compounds, glucose concentration, glutamine deficiency, hazardous fraction of metal ions and toxic gas molecules present in the environment, detection of specific protein, aptamer, organophosphates and carbamic insecticides, species whole cells (like, cancer cells, stem cells, bacteria, or viruses), ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) level and dopamine (DA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), DNA and poly-lysine, pH, etc. 25,35,92 These approaches have paved a new path in the development of biosensors having superior analytical performance, high sensitivity, high N. Chauhan et al: Graphene based biosensors-Accelerating medical diagnostics to new-dimensions selectivity, LOD, low working potentials, and prolonged stability.…”

“…14 There are already several excellent reviews focusing on the synthesis, properties, and biosensing performance of graphene and its derivatives for biomedical applications. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Yet many obvious questions arise if we think of a perfect graphene-based biosensor that needs to be discussed: What makes graphene a sensitive detector for biological molecules? Does the method of production and assembly of graphene affects its biosensing performance?…”