“…Like in many developing countries, field phenotyping in African countries is mostly based on conventional and traditional methodologies which rely heavily on manually recorded measurements of phenotypic data or visual assessment of plant parameters. It entails manually inspecting crops and measuring several crop characteristics that affect yield traits, including plant height, number of tillers, leaf color, leaf shape, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content, growth stages, above-ground biomass and stress tolerance ( Gedil and Menkir, 2019 ; Bongomin et al., 2022 ; Badu-Apraku et al., 2023 ). In practice, in traditional field phenotyping, breeders or research evaluators inspect the trial fields and rate the plots according to how they feel, taste, smell, and appear ( Kim, 2020 ).…”