Applications of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE‐C⁴D) in pharmaceutical and biological analysis

Abstract

Conductivity detection, which is universal in capillary electrophoresis (CE), has received considerable attention, since the introduction of the axial capacitively coupled contactless detector C(4)D in 1998. This detector is made of two electrodes which are placed cylindrically around the CE capillary and connected to the AC oscillator. The distance between the electrodes is the detection gap. In this review, applications of CE and MCE with C(4)D in pharmaceutical and biological analysis are presented.

Capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection method development and validation for the determination of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and clindamycin

“…The CE–C 4 D technique has been applied increasingly for the determination of many pharmaceutical and biological entities . Specifically, the CE–C 4 D method was used for the determination of many antibiotics, for example, colistin and tobramycin .…”

Determination of the spectrum of low molecular mass organic acids in urine by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity and ultraviolet photometric detection—An efficient tool for monitoring of inborn metabolic disorders

“…However, CE-MS is expensive and its use is limited to separations employing volatile BGEs and thus the application field is rather narrow. On the other hand, conductivity detection in CE is very simple and has developed rapidly over the last decade, in the form of axial capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C 4 D) [22][23][24][25]. C 4 D cells are readily connected to the separation capillary, the measurement is robust and sensitive, at a micromolar level, and thus the technique has become a useful complement to UV-vis photometry.…”

Determination of free and total valproic acid in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection

“…A series of applications of the method for clinical analysis of diverse biological samples have been reported [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Recent reviews on the applications of CE-C 4 D in pharmaceutical analysis [41,42] can also be found.…”