Applications of a Functionalist Theory of Gender: A Response to Reflections and a Research Agenda

Levitt, Heidi M.

doi:10.1177/0361684319851467

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This reality is belied by a socially constructed and pervasive gender binary and socialization into culturally prescribed masculine or feminine gender expressions based on sex and gender assignment at birth (Hyde et al, 2019). The social assignment of male/masculine identity is awarded privileges, further influenced by other identity hierarchies such as race and sexuality (Aboim, 2016; Levitt, 2019). Trans masculine individuals have a unique and varied experience of masculinity and male privilege compared to cisgender men, due in part to their even brief initial sex assignment as female and subsequent socialization as girls and women.…”

Section: Masculinities and Male Privilegementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lived experiences and perceptions of male privilege as reported by those who defy or belie the socially constructed binaries of gender, such as trans masculine individuals, can lead to new understandings of gendered power as enacted in daily life. Social power is ascribed to masculinity and male privilege and then expressed in four interactive domains: psychological, sexual, interpersonal, and cultural (Levitt, 2019). In the present study, we were specifically interested in individual-level perceptions of male privilege and individual meanings of male privilege as experienced in interpersonal interactions.…”

Section: Masculinities and Male Privilegementioning

confidence: 99%

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“Male privilege doesn’t lift the social status of all men in the same way”: Trans masculine individuals’ lived experiences of male privilege in the United States.

Clements¹,

Derr²,

Rostosky³

2022

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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Masculinities and male privilege may be experienced differently by individuals depending on their intersecting identities, including identities related to gender, race, and sexuality. Trans masculine individuals in the United States may be important informants about the experience of male privilege because their unique psychosocial experiences and gender identity development in a patriarchal society allow observation, insight, and critical reflection not available to cisgender people. Using a standpoint theoretical framework, we explored the lived experiences of male privilege as described by trans masculine individuals (N = 227, M = 26.97, SD = 6.90) who responded to an open-ended prompt on a larger online survey. Using thematic analysis, the research team identified five themes that summarized participants’ perceptions: (a) I feel safer; (b) I am assumed to be competent; (c) I am free of traditional female gender role expectations; (d) I am “one of the boys”; and (e) I don’t experience male privilege. Participants’ attributed their experiences to others’ perceptions of their masculine appearance, gender expression, and gender role performance. These experiences involved psychosocial costs as well as benefits, most notably changes in relationships with women and important communities of support. Some participants noted that their other marginalized identities such as race and sexuality attenuated their experiences of male privilege. Together these findings illustrate the social construction of masculinities and male privilege in everyday interactions while further disentangling these concepts from essentialist assumptions of a biologically based gender binary.

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Section: Masculinities and Male Privilegementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Masculinities and Male Privilegementioning

confidence: 99%

“Male privilege doesn’t lift the social status of all men in the same way”: Trans masculine individuals’ lived experiences of male privilege in the United States.

Clements¹,

Derr²,

Rostosky³

2022

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Females continue to remain disadvantaged when finding job opportunities, career progress, growth, and salary parity in organizations (Bonte and Krabel, 2014; Coldwell et al , 2008). This “enforced hegemonic societal power” (Levitt, 2019, p. 310) conflicts with women's authentic sense of self and causes them to resist such norms. However, women remain reluctant to voice their concerns at the workplace for fear of being viewed negatively or damaging social relationships and career opportunities.…”

Section: Hypothesis Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are women from Venus? A mixed-method study determining important predictors of job pursuit intention across gender groups

Dutta

Mishra

2021

EDI

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PurposeDespite studies claiming gender inclusion is beneficial for organizations, the under-representation of females in the workforce is a reality. As recruitment practices impact employees' entry into organizations, examining the salient predictors of job pursuit intention might foster gender inclusivity.Design/methodology/approachBased on a mixed-method study conducted in two phases (Phase 1: a sample of 2,084 professionals; Phase 2: interviews of 20 senior human resource (HR) professionals and interviews with 26 women professionals), we examine the key predictors of job pursuit intention of women. We employed a qualitative study as Phase 2 employed a qualitative study to understand why some of the proposed hypotheses were not supported.FindingsWe found that work–life balance, perceived job security and perceived ethical behavior of organizations were more important for female than the male applicants in influencing their job pursuit intention. Also, the type of work and person–organization (P–O) fit were found to be equally important for both the gender groups. The implications of the study to theory and practice were discussed.Research limitations/implicationsOur study extends the existing literature by identifying salient factors (such as work–life balance, perceived job security and ethical citizenship) that are found to be more important for female applicants compared to their male counterparts while pursuing a job. Also, females were found to worry more about losing or not finding a job than males. Our results further indicate that type of work and P–O fit have a significant effect on job pursuit intention for both male and female applicants. The study addresses the need for research on targeted recruitment to increase gender inclusion.Practical implicationsThe contribution of this paper lies in identifying critical factors relevant to the female applicants in India who potentially constitute a large talent pool waiting to be leveraged. It adds to the body of knowledge on enabling inclusivity and affirmative action for increasing gender diversity through recruitment. By highlighting the factors that should be given prominence in job promotions to attract more female candidates and emphasizing the gender-focused HR policies and practices and through internal and external communication, it helps practitioners attract and retain female applicants in an emerging economy like India.Originality/valueOur study contributes in three ways. First, it attempts to plug the gap by investigating gendered preferences in job pursuit intentions between male and female applicants, especially in different cultural environments and in emerging markets such as India. Second, existing studies on job pursuit intentions were based mostly on inputs from student respondents. Our study has collected data from professionals working in organizations who have worked and experienced gender-related HR practices in organizations. Third, our study used a mixed-method approach to get a nuanced understanding of female talent expectations and preferences during the job-seeking behavior.

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Beyond minority stress: Toward a multidimensional psychology of trans/nonbinary gender

Levitt

Kehoe²,

Hand³

2023

Current Opinion in Psychology

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Applications of a Functionalist Theory of Gender: A Response to Reflections and a Research Agenda

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

“Male privilege doesn’t lift the social status of all men in the same way”: Trans masculine individuals’ lived experiences of male privilege in the United States.

“Male privilege doesn’t lift the social status of all men in the same way”: Trans masculine individuals’ lived experiences of male privilege in the United States.

Are women from Venus? A mixed-method study determining important predictors of job pursuit intention across gender groups

Beyond minority stress: Toward a multidimensional psychology of trans/nonbinary gender

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