Applications and pitfalls of hemoglobin A1C and alternative methods of glycemic monitoring

Lundholm, Michelle D.; Emanuele, Mary Ann; Ashraf, Alina; Nadeem, Sarah

doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107585

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…However, the use of HbA1c as an ideal glycemic marker is currently disputed [141]. The HbA1c test is not always applicable.…”

Section: Hba1 and Mg-the Hyperglycemic Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a more accurate assessment of the risk of cardiovascular diseases at the early diabetes stages, the combined use of several parameters was suggested: fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, the amount of glutathione in RBCs, and total cholesterol [158]. Gycated albumin, fuctosamine, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol were also proposed as alternative glycemic markers [141]. These biomarkers are not yet used in the clinic practice due to the lack of standardization.…”

Section: Hba1 and Mg-the Hyperglycemic Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbonyl Stress in Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin

2021

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The paper overviews the peculiarities of carbonyl stress in nucleus-free mammal red blood cells (RBCs). Some functional features of RBCs make them exceptionally susceptible to reactive carbonyl compounds (RCC) from both blood plasma and the intracellular environment. In the first case, these compounds arise from the increased concentrations of glucose or ketone bodies in blood plasma, and in the second—from a misbalance in the glycolysis regulation. RBCs are normally exposed to RCC—methylglyoxal (MG), triglycerides—in blood plasma of diabetes patients. MG modifies lipoproteins and membrane proteins of RBCs and endothelial cells both on its own and with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Together, these phenomena may lead to arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, hemolytic anemia, vascular occlusion, local ischemia, and hypercoagulation phenotype formation. ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and RCC might also damage hemoglobin (Hb), the most common protein in the RBC cytoplasm. It was Hb with which non-enzymatic glycation was first shown in living systems under physiological conditions. Glycated HbA1c is used as a very reliable and useful diagnostic marker. Studying the impacts of MG, ROS, and RNS on the physiological state of RBCs and Hb is of undisputed importance for basic and applied science.

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“…However, the use of HbA1c as an ideal glycemic marker is currently disputed [141]. The HbA1c test is not always applicable.…”

Section: Hba1 and Mg-the Hyperglycemic Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hba1 and Mg-the Hyperglycemic Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonyl Stress in Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin

2021

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“…Only the HbA1 test result was used to assess disease management. There has been a lot of discussion lately about the objectivity of this test in assessing disease control [54][55][56]. HbA1 shows only a three-to four-month mean glycaemic index, not glycaemic fluctuations.…”

Section: Significant Relationships Are Provided In Bold Or-odds Ratimentioning

confidence: 99%

Paediatric Type1 Diabetes Management and Mothers’ Emotional Intelligence Interactions

Žilinskienė

Šumskas

Antinienė

2021

Preprint

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The functioning of the parents’ emotional sphere is very important to a child’s mental and physical health. This study focused on investigating the association between mothers’ emotional intelligence (EI) and paediatric type I diabetes (T1DM) disease management in their children. We hypothesized that mothers’ EI is associated with T1DM outcomes. Mothers of children with T1DM aged 6-12 years were surveyed. One hundred and thirty-four mothers, the main caregivers of their diabetic children, provided measures of EI and completed a demographic questionnaire. The primary indicator of diabetes management was haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; the main form of glycosylated haemoglobin). EI scales and subscales were associated with glycaemic management indices. Logistic regression analysis was applied for the assessment of the association between parents’ EI and their paediatric with T1DM disease management. The analysis demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between T1DM management and mothers’ ability to understand and control own emotions, to transform their own negative emotions into positive and to control own negative emotions. Mothers’ EI scales and subscales of understanding and regulating their own emotions, subscales of transforming their own negative emotions into positive ones and controlling their own negative emotions were statistically reliable predictors of glycaemic control in children with T1DM.

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“…This test is more expensive than a plasma glucose estimation. 11 Standardized monitoring systems and research laboratories are not widely used across the country, and evaluating HbA1c is more expensive than performing FPG assessments. Furthermore, there is no agreement on an appropriate HbA1c cutoff point for the diagnosis of diabetes in this high-risk population of countries, including India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation analysis of HbA1c versus random, fasting, and postprandial glucose levels as predictors of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Ansari¹,

Bhadra²,

Ahirwar³

et al. 2023

Asian J Med Sci

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Background: Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used for assessing glycemic control over the past 8–12 weeks. This is critical for determining the efficacy of diabetes treatment and predicting the progression of microvascular complications. However, in health-care situations where tests for HbA1c are either unavailable or unfeasible for any reason, clinicians rely only on plasma glucose values for assessing the glycemic control of the patient. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between HbA1c and fasting, postprandial, and random plasma glucose levels. Materials and Methods: Routine blood samples obtained from the laboratory to measure HbA1c and plasma glucose (fasting/postprandial/random) were used for study. A total of 207 samples were used to investigate the relationship between HbA1c and fasting and postprandial glucose (PPG/PP). The correlation of HbA1c with random glucose values was investigated using 112 samples. HbA1c was estimated by immunoturbidimetry and glucose was estimated by hexokinase method. Pearson’s correlation analysis was done by SPSS version 20 software. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) with regard to PPG/PP and HbA1c was 0.75 (P=0.01, 95% CI), fasting glucose and HbA1c was 0.73 (P=0.01, 95% CI), and random glucose and HbA1c was 0.59 (P=0.01, 95% CI). Conclusion: PPG/PP correlates with HbA1c better than fasting or random glucose. When it is impossible to perform HbA1c measurements, PPG measurements should be used instead.

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Applications and pitfalls of hemoglobin A1C and alternative methods of glycemic monitoring

Cited by 26 publications

References 102 publications

Carbonyl Stress in Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin

Carbonyl Stress in Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin

Paediatric Type1 Diabetes Management and Mothers’ Emotional Intelligence Interactions

Correlation analysis of HbA1c versus random, fasting, and postprandial glucose levels as predictors of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

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