Applications and implications of direct groundwater velocity measurement at the centimetre scale

Devlin, J.F.; Schillig, P. C.; Bowen, I.; Critchley, Catharine; Rudolph, David L.; Thomson, Neil R.; Tsoflias, G. P.; Roberts, J. A. Fraser

doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.06.007

Cited by 31 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Early testing of point velocity probes (PVPs) at the site indicated unexpectedly high groundwater velocities at elevations of about 290 masl and 294 masl (Devlin et al, 2012). This work led to additional steps to verify the nature of the heterogeneous flow.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 and 3). Unanticipated challenges were encountered at the Woodstock site when the detailed field characterization program revealed strata conducting groundwater at extremely high velocities and aerobic groundwater conditions (Devlin et al, 2012).…”

Section: Physical Setting and Site Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Point velocity probes (PVPs) were also used in the site characterization. The preliminary results of the PVP tests are given by Devlin et al (2012) and will be reviewed in subsequent sections. In order to further refine the conceptual model, three-dimensional groundwater modelling tools were employed.…”

Section: Physical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Stimulating in situ denitrification in an aerobic, highly permeable municipal drinking water aquifer

Critchley

Rudolph

Devlin

et al. 2014

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physical Setting and Site Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stimulating in situ denitrification in an aerobic, highly permeable municipal drinking water aquifer

Critchley

Rudolph

Devlin

et al. 2014

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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“…Several PVP designs, varying in size and construction materials, have been described in the literature for both laboratory and field studies. These have included probes with stainless steel bodies and accessory parts (Labaky et al ; Berg and Gillham ), polyvinyl chloride bodies with plastic accessory parts and a gas diffuser stone injection port (Devlin et al ; Devlin et al ). In each case, the cost of probe construction tended to be dominated by personnel time rather than material costs (Devlin et al ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of 3D Printing to the Manufacturing of Groundwater Velocity Probes

Walter¹,

Devlin²

2017

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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For the purposes of risk mitigation and remediation design, Darcy's Law calculations, that are typically used to estimate flow direction and magnitude, can be usefully supplemented with more direct measurements. The point velocity probe (PVP), which measures groundwater velocity by conducting a mini‐tracer test across a cylindrical probe surface, was developed to address this need. Laboratory and field experiments have shown that these probes can provide accurate velocity magnitude and direction measurements at the centimeter scale. In an effort to streamline the production of PVPs, three‐dimensional (3D) printing was investigated. The 3D printer produces a plastic probe body with designated detector and injection port locations. The subsequent installation of injection lines and detector wires requires, for a single‐port probe, no longer than 1–2 h of assembly time, compared to approximately 10 h to assemble previous designs (mainly determined by injection port installation). Probes can be printed in batches with the number of units made depending on the printer and probe size. Laboratory tests of the original PVP models yielded velocity magnitudes and directions with average errors (from expected values) of ±9% to ±15% and ±8°, respectively. A printed PVP was tested in a nested storage tank system (NeST) packed with sand that mimics flow conditions through a sandy aquifer. The probe was tested at multiple pumping rates with the injector port at angles of (α =) 30°, 45°, and 75° from the expected linear flow direction. The printed PVPs provided an average magnitude percent error of ±13.5% and an average direction error of ±4°. This shows that in laboratory tests, printed PVPs performed as well as the original probes previously reported, making them viable units for field applications as well as being quicker to assemble than the earlier designs.

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“…Recently, point velocity probes (PVPs) have been used to characterize groundwater velocities in aquifers composed of sand or sand and gravel (Labaky et al , ; Berg and Gillham ; Schillig et al ; Devlin et al 2012). The PVP operates by injecting a small volume of tracer—usually saline—on the surface of a cylindrical probe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Density‐Induced Tracer Movement in Groundwater Velocity Measurements with Point Velocity Probes (PVPs)

Schillig¹,

Devlin²,

McElwee³

et al. 2014

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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The concept of equivalent freshwater head was adapted to predict the conditions under which density‐driven flow would adversely impact measured groundwater velocities using point velocity probes (PVPs). Theoretically, vertical flow will result from any density contrast between the PVP tracer and the groundwater. However, laboratory testing of tracers with salinities ranging from 0 to 2000 mg NaCl/L showed that horizontal velocities could be determined with good accuracy with up to 60% of the total flow being vertical due to density effects in a gravel medium. The available data suggest that density effects are less likely to be pronounced in sandy sediments. The relative amount of vertical flow due to tracer density can be estimated from vertical and horizontal velocities measured with PVPs, or from the ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic gradients. The equivalent freshwater gradient produced from a given tracer salinity at 10 °C (a typical groundwater temperature at moderate latitudes) can be estimated from 7.80 × 10−7 × (MNaCl), where MNaCl is the mass of NaCl added, in mg, to 1 L of site groundwater in the mixing of the tracer. Equations for other temperatures were also determined.

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Applications and implications of direct groundwater velocity measurement at the centimetre scale

Cited by 31 publications

References 37 publications

Stimulating in situ denitrification in an aerobic, highly permeable municipal drinking water aquifer

Stimulating in situ denitrification in an aerobic, highly permeable municipal drinking water aquifer

Application of 3D Printing to the Manufacturing of Groundwater Velocity Probes

Assessment of Density‐Induced Tracer Movement in Groundwater Velocity Measurements with Point Velocity Probes (PVPs)

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