Application Progress of Modified Chitosan and Its Composite Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

In recent years, bone tissue engineering (BTE), as a multidisciplinary field, has shown considerable promise in replacing traditional treatment modalities (i.e., autografts, allografts, and xenografts). Since bone is such a complex and dynamic structure, the construction of bone tissue composite materials has become an attractive strategy to guide bone growth and regeneration. Chitosan and its derivatives have been promising vehicles for BTE owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. With intrinsic physicochemical characteristics and closeness to the extracellular matrix of bones, chitosan-based composite scaffolds have been proved to be a promising candidate for providing successful bone regeneration and defect repair capacity. Advances in chitosan-based scaffolds for BTE have produced efficient and efficacious bio-properties via material structural design and different modifications. Efforts have been put into the modification of chitosan to overcome its limitations, including insolubility in water, faster depolymerization in the body, and blood incompatibility. Herein, we discuss the various modification methods of chitosan that expand its fields of application, which would pave the way for future applied research in biomedical innovation and regenerative medicine.

Scaffold Using Chitosan, Agarose, Cellulose, Dextran and Protein for Tissue Engineering—A Review

“…These were particularly appealing as a bone scaffold material promoting osteoblast cell adhesion and proliferation, as well as the in-vitro creation of a mineralized bone matrix. Additionally, investigations have demonstrated that in-vivo osteoconductivity is displayed by modified chitosan scaffolds in surgically induced bone lesions [ 39 , 49 , 50 ]. Due to its cationic characteristics, chitosan is thought to be able to combine with anionic macromolecules like glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to modify the activity of cytokines and growth factors, and helps in the application of bone tissue engineering [ 42 ].…”

Recent Advances in the Application of Natural and Synthetic Polymer-Based Scaffolds in Musculoskeletal Regeneration

“…Under the action of enzymes in the body, chitosan degrades into N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine. These two monosaccharides are non-toxic to humans and can be completely absorbed by the body [ 42 , 43 ]. Chitosan is the only positively charged naturally degradable polymer that has antibacterial activity [ 44 ].…”

Synthesis of Chitosan Oligosaccharide-Loaded Glycyrrhetinic Acid Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and In Vitro Verification of the Treatment of APAP-Induced Liver Injury

“…COSM, with an average molecular weight of less than 3000, is a natural product extracted from shrimp and crab shells that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other biological activities [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Our research group has performed research on chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide regarding weight loss and liver protection for a long time.…”