Application of Xylanase and β-Glucanase to Improve Nutrient Utilization in Poultry Fed Cereal Base Diets: Used of Enzymes in Poultry Diet

Abstract

The β-glucanases and xylanases have been used as feed additives for many years and their ability to improve the performance of poultry has been demonstrated in numerous publications. Starch, proteins, and lipids easily degraded in the bird's digestive systems, whereas the major parts of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides remain intact because of the lack of suitable enzymes. The positive nutritional effects achieved by the dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes are proposed to be caused by several mechanisms. First, it has been shown that the antinutritive effects of viscous cereals such as barley, wheat, rye, oats, and triticale are associated with raised intestinal viscosity caused by soluble β-glucans and arabinoxylans present in those cereals. These problems are overcome by dietary supplementation of β-glucanases and xylanases. It is assumed that the ability of β-glucanases and xylanases to degrade plant cell walls leads to release of nutrients from grain endosperm. Another mechanism that has a positive influence on the nutritive value is the prebiotic effect achieved via the oligosaccharides produce and release. They formed during the degradation of cell wall carbohydrates by supplemental enzymes. In the gastro intestinal tract, the oligosaccharides derived from plant cell wall digestion that is resisting to the digestive enzymes, reach to the large intestine and support from proliferation of the beneficial microorganism. In conclusion, due to the complex structure of cereal grains, it has been shown that appropriate combinations of the different enzyme can obtain improved performance.Keywords: Cereal; Exogenous enzyme; Poultry; Viscosity OverviewEnzymes are produced by living organisms as natural catalysts, which accelerate biochemical reactions in living organisms, including single-celled organisms, plants, insects and animals. So far, over 3000 different enzymes have been discovered. The enzymes are protein-based and form amino acid chains with a peptide bond. Enzymes, by attaching to the substrate, accelerate or facilitate the reactions and reduce the activation energy to start the reaction. As a result, the amount of reactions progresses increased. The activity of the enzymes depended to its three-dimensional form and the position of the amino acids within the molecule, which produces catalytic properties of the enzyme. Conditions that lead to significant changes in the enzymes' structure often lead to reduced activity. As a result, enzymes are very sensitive to the environmental condition in which they function and at optimum temperatures and pH they have the best performance [1]. The Role of Enzymes in Poultry NutritionIn the process of poultry production, the feed will include the highest cost, and the profitability of the unit will depend on the relative cost and nutritional value of food. Often limiting factor in setting diets is the ability of the bird to digest different parts of the food, especially the raw fiber. Despite the current studies, the potential nutritiona...

Dietary hybrid phytase and carbohydrases on nutrient digestibility and bone quality of broiler chickens

“…Treatment (2) AMEn (kcal kg -1 DM) Ileal digestibility coefficients on a dry matter basis (%) CP DM MM Ca P corn-soybean meal-based diets contain a lower amount of non-starch polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans and β-glucans (Stefanello et al, 2016;Slominski, 2011). This is important since the presence of a substrate affects enzyme action, with more expressive results expected when carbohydrates are supplemented in diets with a greater amount of substrate, such as those containing wheat, rye, and barley (Zarghi, 2018). The results of the present study are indicative of the positive action of the use of carbohydrases in association with hybrid phytase in diets based on corn and soybean meal, which allowed a reduction of 100 kcal kg -1 in diet composition, representing an extra contribution of 30 kcal kg -1 AMEn.…”

Potential Probiotics Role in Excluding Antibiotic Resistance

“…Yadav and Jha demonstrated the linking of growth-promoting effects of enzymes with mucosal morphology of the small intestine [133]. Moreover, the increase in the membrane enzyme activity and role in the last step of digestion cause the reduction in crypt depth of jejunum, ultimately improving growth performance in chickens by xylanase supplementation in diet [134]. Exogenous protease plays an important role by reducing the undigested protein from diet or caudal gut inflammation reduction and maintaining tight junction integrity [135].…”

Responses of Combined Non-starch Polysaccharide Enzymes and Protease on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Nutrient Digestibility of Yellow-Feathered Broilers Fed With Diets With Different Crude Protein Levels

“…A number of studies have demonstrated that a combination of exogenous non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes and protease supplementation was used expectantly to improve growth performance and nutrient ultilization, and reduce nutrient excretion in broilers (9) and hens (7,10). The efficiency of exogenous enzyme combinations varied depending on dietary nutritional quality and substrate specificity (8,11). Responses to exogenous enzyme additions were expected to be greater in diets the lower ingredient quality and nutritional density (12)(13)(14).…”