Application of white mustard and oats in the phytostabilisation of soil contaminated with cadmium with the addition of cellulose and urea

Abstract

Purpose Determination of the effectiveness of white mustard and oats in immobilising cadmium as a soil contaminant and determining the role of cellulose and urea in restoring homeostasis in soil under pressure from Cd 2+. Materials and methods Soil samples were contaminated with cadmium (CdCl 2 •2 1 / 2 H 2 O) at 0, 4, 8 and 16 mg Cd 2+ kg −1. In order to reduce the negative impact of Cd 2+ , cellulose was introduced to the soil at the following rates: 0 and 15 g kg −1 and urea at 80 and 160 mg N kg −1. The yield of the above-ground parts and roots was determined on days 40 and 80 of the experiment, along with the cadmium content in the plant material. The enzyme activity was also determined, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil were determined on the day of the oats' (aftercrop) harvest. Results and discussion Contamination of soil with Cd 2+ at 4 to 16 mg kg −1 d.m. of soil reduced the yield of white mustard and oats. The tolerance index (TI) values indicate that oats (aftercrop) is more tolerant than white mustard of soil contamination with Cd 2+. Cadmium accumulated more intensely in roots compared with the above-ground parts of the plants. The translocation index (TF) indicates smaller Cd 2+ translocation from roots to above-ground parts, as it was below 1 in both plants. An addition of cellulose and nitrogen offsets the adverse impact of cadmium on plants. Arylsulphatase was the most sensitive to soil contamination with Cd 2+ , followed by dehydrogenases, catalase, β-glucosidase and urease, and alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase were the least sensitive. Contamination of soil with Cd 2+ changed its physical and chemical properties only slightly. Conclusions White mustard and oats have phytostabilisation potential with respect to soil contaminated with cadmium. Cellulose introduced to the soil and fertilisation with urea alleviated the negative impact of cadmium on the growth and development of plants.

Phytoremediation of Cadmium: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms

“…Recently, promising results of Virola surinamensis for Cd phytostabilization have been documented [ 85 ]. Likewise, Miscanthus x giganteus [ 86 ], and oats and white mustard [ 87 ] also have phytostabilization potential for Cd. In another example, the putative role of Fe-Si-Ca, organic fertilizers, and coconut shell biochar has been reported to enhance the phytostabilization ability of Boehmeria nivea L. for Cd [ 88 ].…”

Short‐Term Aging of Pod‐Derived Biochar Reduces Soil Cadmium Mobility and Ameliorates Cadmium Toxicity to Soil Enzymes and Tomato

“…This observation was unexpected, because the activity of most soil enzymes is depressed by Cd contamination. However, a recent study found that ALP is likely to be insensitive to Cd toxicity in soil (Boros‐Lajszner et al 2019). Furthermore, ALP activity increased in Cd 10 + 1% biochar by 10.1 and 16.0% compared with Cd 10 and control, and by 16.6 and 22.9% in Cd 10 + 3% biochar, respectively.…”

The Response of the Soil Microbiome to Contamination with Cadmium, Cobalt and Nickel in Soil Sown with Brassica napus

“…Colony forming units (cfu) were counted daily for 10 days. Microbiological analyses were carried out according to the procedures described by Boros-Lajszner et al [58]. The growth rate of various microbial groups (organotrophic bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) and the number of emerged microbial colonies were determined to calculate the colony development (CD) index and the ecophysiological diversity (EP) index in uncontaminated soil and in soil contaminated with Ni 2+ , Co 2+ and Cd 2+ .…”