Application of Van Soest Acid Detergent Fiber Method for Analysis of Shellfish Chitin

Stelmock, Roberta L.; Husby, F.M.; Brundage, Adrienne

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80989-9

Cited by 37 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Although there is extensive proteinchitin binding, scleritized protein is more important than chitin in determining the physical characteristics (hardness) of the insect cuticle. It seems likely that ADF represents both chitin and protein, since chitin is structurally similar to cellulose [Stelmock et al, 1985], additionally, amino acids have been detected in the ADF residue using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis (Finke, unpublished results). In contrast to the results obtained for ADF, the NDF value (DM basis) for silkworms was much lower than that of any other insect species, while adult mealworms and waxworms were highest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

2002

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A variety of invertebrates are commonly fed to insectivorous animals by both zoos and hobbyists, but information as to the nutrient composition of most commercially raised species is limited. Adult house crickets, house cricket nymphs (Acheta domesticus), superworms (Zophobas morio larvae), giant mealworm larvae, mealworm larvae and adult mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), waxworm larvae (Galleria mellonella), and silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. Earthworms (Lumbricus terresstris) were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, ADF, NDF, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins A and D 3 . Proximate analyses were variable, with wide ranges found for moisture (57.9-83.6%), crude protein (9.3-23.7%), crude fat (1.6-24.9%), ADF (0.1-7.4%), NDF (0.0-11.5%), and ash (0.6-1.2%). Energy content ranged from a low of 674 kcal/kg for silkworms to 2,741 kcal/kg for waxworms.Using an amino acid scoring pattern for rats, the first limiting amino acid for all invertebrates tested was the total sulfur amino acid methionine+cystine. Deficiencies by nutrient (% of samples deficient vs. NRC requirements for rats on a dry matter (DM) basis) were as follows: calcium (100%), vitamin D 3 (100%), vitamin A (89%), vitamin B 12 (75%), thiamin (63%), vitamin E (50%), iodine (44%), manganese (22%), methioninecystine (22%), and sodium (11%). Deficiencies by invertebrate species (number of nutrients deficient vs. the NRC requirements for rats on a DM basis) were as follows: waxworms (9), superworms (8), giant mealworm larvae (7), adult mealworms (6), mealworm larvae (5), adult house crickets (4), house cricket nymphs (4), silkworms (4), and earthworms (4). These data provide a basis for determining nutrient intake of captive insectivores, and will aid in the development of gut-loading diets to provide captive insectivorous animals with appropriate levels of necessary nutrients. Zoo Biol 21: 269-285, 2002.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

2002

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“…NDF represents the cell-wall component of the plant diet (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and cutin), and ADF represents the ligno-cellulose and cutin component. The ADF component of the shrimp diet represents the exoskeleton (primarily chitin) fraction of the diet (Stelmock et al 1985). Nitrogen content of the samples was determined using a Carlo Erba elemental To determine if juvenile turtles experienced an advantage of small bite size, we counted the number of duckweed fronds that passed through the gut intact in subsamples of feces from juvenile and adult turtles.…”

Section: Nutrient Analyses and Digestive Processing Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenetic Diet Shifts and Digestive Constraints in the Omnivorous Freshwater Turtle Trachemys scripta

Bouchard

Bjorndal

2006

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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Many reptiles undergo an ontogenetic diet shift from carnivory to herbivory. In this study, we used the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, as a model to evaluate whether juvenile turtles are carnivorous because physiological constraints preclude herbivory. We conducted feeding trials in which we fed juvenile and adult turtles a duckweed plant, Lemna valdiviana, or a freshwater grass shrimp, Palaemontes paludosus, for 5 wk. During the trials, we measured mass-specific intake, digestibility, and digestible intake for both size classes, as well as juvenile growth. At the end of the trials, we measured the nutrient composition of the juvenile turtles. Juveniles fed shrimp grew 3.2 times faster than those fed duckweed and had equivalent lipid stores. Digestive processing in juveniles was extremely efficient on the shrimp diet, with higher mass-specific intakes than adults and very high digestibilities (97%). Juveniles digested duckweed as well as adults did; however, their intake of this diet was limited, possibly by the time required for fermentation. We concluded that although juveniles can process plant material, an animal diet allows for greater juvenile growth, which in turtles is linked to higher survivorship and increased future reproductive success.

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“…The medium was allowed to cool, inoculated with loopful spores of respective fungi (An, Tv or An þ Tv) under aseptic conditions at 30 C for 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 days. At the end of each experimental period (0, 5, 10 and 15th day), the respective samples were autoclaved, air dried and analysed for proximate constituents (AOAC, 2000), Chitin (Stelmock et al, 1985), Ca and P. Six Table 1. The proximate composition, chitin, calcium and phosphorus (g/kg) content of biodegraded shrimp waste-meal after 5, 10 or 15 days using Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride and mixed culture of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstracts 2012

Sandilands

Sandercock

Sparrey³

et al. 2012

British Poultry Abstracts

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and clinical outcomes but it has not been investigated as a measure of outcomes in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Methods We performed a post-hoc analysis of the AFFIRM trial including patients with available echo data. Patients were stratified based on gender-adjusted echo derived interventricular septal (IVS) thickness, relative wall thickness (RWT), gender-adjusted LV mass and type of LV remodelling (normal LV geometry, concentric hypertrophy, eccentric hypertrophy, and concentric remodelling). Cox proportional hazards models were used for multivariate analyses of time to death and time to ischaemic stroke. Results Of 4060 patients recruited in AFFIRM, sufficient echo data were available in 2433 patients (60%). Multivariate analysis showed that moderate-severe LV (IVS diastolic dimension >1.2 cm for women, >1.3 cm for men) was associated with all cause mortality (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.86, p¼0.003). Concentric LV hyper-trophy was associated with the worst outcome (defined as RWT>0.42 and LV mass >224 g for men or LV mass >162 g for women) (p¼0.008 vs, normal geometryddefined as RWT #0.42 and LV mass #224 g for men or LV mass #162 g for women). In a multivariate model, including established clinical, demographic and echo risk factors, moderate-severe LV hypertrophy assessed by IVS thickness was the strongest echo predictor of stroke (HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.7, p¼0.002). Conclusion In the AFFIRM Trial, LV hypertrophy assessed by gender-adjusted IVS thickness is an important risk factor for ischaemic stroke in patients with AF. LV hypertrophy assessed by gender-adjusted IVS thickness is associated with increased all cause mortality in AF patients.

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Application of Van Soest Acid Detergent Fiber Method for Analysis of Shellfish Chitin

Cited by 37 publications

References 8 publications

Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores

Ontogenetic Diet Shifts and Digestive Constraints in the Omnivorous Freshwater Turtle Trachemys scripta

Abstracts 2012

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