“…Thus, some energy is absorbed by the host through vibrational coupling, which explains the choice of host lattices with the lowest phonon energy. Decades of research in the upconversion field have spawned an extensive array of host nanomaterials, such as various metal oxides, oxysulfides, vanadates, halides, phosphates and so on [ 32 ]. Among them, the most popular host is hexagonal phase β-NaYF 4 , which meets the requirements for ideal host materials, such as the lowest phonon frequency, high optical transparency, less hygroscopic and brighter emission than lanthanide fluoride (LnF 3 ) host [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”