Application of ultrasound-assisted emulsification-micro-extraction for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in waters

Sample preparation procedures for analysis of organochlorinated pollutants and PAHs in surface water samples

“…High recoveries were received in this case (90.5-109.4 %). Ultrasonic radiation was efficient for acceleration of mass transfer process between two immiscible phases (Ozcan et al 2009;Regueiro et al 2008). Extraction with chloroform (100-200 μl) was performed from 10 ml of water sample in an ultrasonic water bath for 5-10 min.…”

Analytical Methods for Viable and Rapid Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water and Soil Samples

“…Consequently, residue analyses of OCPs in waters and soils by developing analytical procedure continue to be an active area of research in recent years (Santos & Galceran, 2004). Trace analysis of OCPs in water is usually performed by gas chromatography (GC) combined with a previous an extraction or a pre-concentration step including traditional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (Barcelo´, 1993, Fatoki & Awofolu, 2003Tahboub et al, 2005), solid phase extraction (SPE) (Aguilar et al, 1996;, solid phase microextraction (SPME) (Page & Lacroix, 1997;Aguilar et al, 1999;Tomkins & Barnard, 2002;Li et al, 2003;Dong et al, 2005) and the more recently developed liquid phase microextraction under different names, i.e., dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) (Cortada et al, 2009a;Leong & Huang, 2009;Tsai & Huang, 2009), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) (Huang & Huang, 2007;Farahani et al, 2008), single-drop microextraction (SDME) (Cortada et al, 2009b), polymer-coated hollow fiber microextraction (PC-HFME) (Basheer et al, 2004), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) (Leo´n et al, 2003;Pe´rez-Carrera et al, 2007), ultrasound assisted emulsification-microextraction (USAEME) (Ozcan et al, 2009a), vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) (Ozcan, 2010). Among these methods, LLE and SPE are the oldest procedures for the extraction of OCPs from aqueous matrices.…”

“…However, SPE is a relatively expensive method. In this method, analytes may be adsorbed, and complex matrices can cause settling in cartridges (Leong & Huang, 2009;Ozcan et al, 2009a;Quayle et al, 1997). LLE and SPE methods complicate and difficultly in automation.…”

“…USAEME procedure combines micro-extraction system and ultrasonic radiation in one step. Ultrasonic radiation is a powerful means for acceleration of various steps in analytical procedure for both solid and liquid samples (Priego-Lo´pez & Luque de Castro, 2003;Aydin et al, 2006;Tor et al, 2006a;2006b;Ozcan et al, 2009a;2009c;2010). USAEME technique leads to an increment in the extraction efficiency in a minimum amount of time (Luque de Castro & Priego-Capote, 2006;.…”

“…USAEME technique leads to an increment in the extraction efficiency in a minimum amount of time (Luque de Castro & Priego-Capote, 2006;. Some other advantages of USAEME are viable, simple, rapid, low cost, and it needs less amount of sample and extraction solvent (Ozcan et al, 2009a;Saleh et al, 2009;Luque de Castro & Priego-Capote, 2007). However, the most important disadvantage of this method is that excessive ultrasound energy may degrade the analytes in water and may cause irreversible damages to the properties of analytes (Luque de Castro & Priego-Capote, 2007;Sanchez-Prado et al, 2008).…”