Application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer: An updated and comprehensive review

Surface modification of TiO2 nanoparticles with organic molecules and their biological applications

“…142 During recent years, modified TiO 2 NPs have been studied as promising alternatives for the cancer therapy via different methodologies including photodynamic, photothermal, and sonodynamic therapies. 1,7,143–145…”

“…In spite of the advantage of PDT, the in vivo production of toxic ROS and high photosensitivity of treated patients could limit the PDT technique. 7 The development of modified TiO 2 NPs with a high photothermal conversion efficiency has recently gained much attention, as an efficient and non-invasive method, to destroy target tumor tissues. 151 The heat generated by the vibrational relaxation of stimulated TiO 2 NPs (>42 °C) could trigger several photothermal effects in tumors such as causes necrosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis.…”

“…142 During recent years, modified TiO 2 NPs have been studied as promising alternatives for the cancer therapy via different methodologies including photodynamic, photothermal, and sonodynamic therapies. 1,7,[143][144][145] In the photodynamic therapy, they are regarded as inorganic photosensitizers for anti-cancerous photodynamic therapy (PDT) owing to their unique phototoxic effect upon UV light irradiation. The UV light absorption can excite valence electrons of TiO 2 NPs to generate electrons and holes on the nanosurface, and consequently, a series of redox reactions are initiated which produce anti-cancerous reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (HO À ), superoxide anions (O 2 À ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), etc.…”

“…Regarding their industrial importance, the global market size of TiO 2 NPs was estimated to be $1.1 billion in 2021, and forecasted to have a compound annual growth rate of 6.5% until 2026, with annual production predicted to reach 2.5 million tons by 2025. 5,6 In the biomedical fields, TiO 2 NPs are frequently studied for photodynamic therapy, 1,7 drug delivery, 8 antimicrobial applications, 3,[9][10][11][12] biosensors, 13 and tissue engineering. 14 For these applications, an appropriate surface modification of TiO 2 NPs is required to improve their physicochemical properties and biological effectiveness and, more importantly, decrease their potential toxicity in mammalian cells.…”

A novel dual MoS2/FeGA quantum dots endowed injectable hydrogel for efficient photothermal and boosting chemodynamic therapy

“…have been designed to reach the tumour in nanometer size through the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) effect to obtain effective PTT ( Fatima et al, 2021 ). Unfortunately, it has been found that cells exposed to hyperthermia-treated quickly develop a resistance to heat stress, a condition known as thermotolerance, which considerably boosts their survival ( Sargazi et al, 2022 ). It has been suggested that high-power laser therapy or repetitive light irradiation can achieve effective therapeutic efficiency ( Chen et al, 2021b ; Liu et al, 2021b ).…”