Application of thermoregulatory modeling to predict core and skin temperatures in firefighters

Kim, Jung-Hyun; Williams, W. Jon; Coca, Aitor; Yokota, Miyo

doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2012.11.011

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Skin temperature (T SKIN ) measurement has application for research (Harper-Smith et al 2010), occupational health (Kim et al 2013) and clinical monitoring (Sherman et al 1996). It is through the skin that the body loses or gains heat and as such, T SKIN plays an important role in human thermoregulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and validity of skin temperature measurement by telemetry thermistors and a thermal camera during exercise in the heat

James

Richardson

Watt

et al. 2014

Journal of Thermal Biology

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Abstract. New technologies afford convenient modalities for skin temperature (T SKIN ) measurement, notably involving wireless telemetry and non-contact infrared thermometry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of skin temperature measurements using a telemetry thermistor system (TT) and thermal camera (TC) during exercise in a hot environment. Each system was compared against a certified thermocouple, measuring the surface temperature of a metal block in a thermostatically controlled waterbath. Fourteen recreational athletes completed two incremental running tests, separated by one week. Skin temperatures were measured simultaneously with TT and TC compared against a hard-wired thermistor system (HW) throughout rest and exercise. Post hoc calibration based on waterbath results displayed good validity for TT (mean bias [MB] = -0.18°C, typical error [TE] = 0.18°C) and reliability (MB = -0.05°C, TE = 0.31°C) throughout rest and exercise. Poor validity (MB = -1.4°C, TE = 0.35°C) and reliability (MB = -0.65°C, TE = 0.52°C) was observed for TC, suggesting it may be best suited to controlled, static situations. These findings indicate TT systems provide a convenient, valid and reliable alternative to HW, useful for measurements in the field where traditional methods may be impractical.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and validity of skin temperature measurement by telemetry thermistors and a thermal camera during exercise in the heat

James

Richardson

Watt

et al. 2014

Journal of Thermal Biology

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“…1 provides a schematic of the model. Detailed descriptions of this model are provided elsewhere 13,14…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ICDA model has been previously validated with T c in both controlled laboratory ( n = 18; T a : 22–35°C; 45–55% of VO 2max continuous or intermittent treadmill walk for 30–75 minutes) and field ( n = 10; T a : ∼19°C; marched 5 km with 37 kg load carriage for ∼45 minutes) studies including protective garments 13,14,19. Model predictions of T c were typically within an acceptable range using common mathematical validation methods such as (a) a root mean square deviation (or the average difference between measured and predicted values across the time) <0.5°C and (b) the Bland–Altman plots ( x axis for representing average values of measured and predicted T c and y axis for differences between measure and predicted values).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal-work strain in law enforcement personnel during chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) training

Yokota

Karis

Tharion

2014

International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

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Background:Thermal safety standards for the use of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) ensembles have been established for various US occupations, but not for law enforcement personnel.Objectives:We examined thermal strain levels of 30 male US law enforcement personnel who participated in CBRN field training in Arizona, Florida, and Massachusetts.Methods:Physiological responses were examined using unobtrusive heart rate (HR) monitors and a simple thermoregulatory model to predict core temperature (Tc) using HR and environment.Results:Thermal strain levels varied by environments, activity levels, and type of CBRN ensemble. Arizona and Florida volunteers working in hot-dry and hot-humid environment indicated high heat strain (predicted max Tc>38.5°C). The cool environment of Massachusetts reduced thermal strain although thermal strains were occasionally moderate.Conclusions:The non-invasive method of using physiological monitoring and thermoregulatory modeling could improve law enforcement mission to reduce the risk of heat illness or injury.

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“…To effectively dissipate the excess body heat, the options are (1) use of cooling mechanisms, (2) limiting the duration of the activity, or (3) doing both. The limit for the duration of activity can be predicted with the help of algorithms based on experimental data [2], human body simulators [3,4], or computational models [5,6]. Experiment-based algorithms are developed based on the average response of the human subjects tested in controlled environmental simulators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite PHS being an international standard (ISO7933), this study reported that PHS was not suitable for determining T c_N for common heat stress scenarios at work places, especially during firefighting. Further, Kim et al [6] developed a computational model to predict T c_N in firefighters. The model evaluated the thermal response of the firefighters during exercise on a treadmill.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison Between Experimental and Heart Rate-Derived Core Body Temperatures Using a Three-Dimensional Whole Body Model

Banerjee

Kalathil

Zachariah

et al. 2018

Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications

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Determination of core body temperature (Tc), a measure of metabolic rate, in firefighters is needed to avoid heat-stress related injury in real time. The measurement of Tc is neither routine nor trivial. This research is significant as thermal model to determine Tc is still fraught with uncertainties and reliable experimental data for validation are rare. The objective of this study is to develop a human thermoregulatory model that uses the heart rate measurements to obtain Tc for firefighters using a 3D whole body model. The hypothesis is that the heart rate-derived computed Tc correlates with the measured Tc during firefighting activities. The transient thermal response of the human body was calculated by simultaneously solving the Pennes' bioheat and energy balance equations. The difference between experimental and numerical values of Tc was less than 2.6%. More importantly, a ± 10% alteration in heart rate was observed to have appreciable influence on Tc, resulting in a ± 1.2 °C change. A 10% increase in the heart rate causes a significant relative % increase (52%) in Tc, considering its allowable/safe limit of 39.5 °C. Routine acquisition of the heart rate data during firefighting scenario can be used to derive Tc of firefighters in real time using the proposed 3D whole body model.

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Application of thermoregulatory modeling to predict core and skin temperatures in firefighters

Cited by 26 publications

References 26 publications

Reliability and validity of skin temperature measurement by telemetry thermistors and a thermal camera during exercise in the heat

Reliability and validity of skin temperature measurement by telemetry thermistors and a thermal camera during exercise in the heat

Thermal-work strain in law enforcement personnel during chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) training

Comparison Between Experimental and Heart Rate-Derived Core Body Temperatures Using a Three-Dimensional Whole Body Model

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