Application of the threshold approach for acute fish toxicity testing to plant protection products: A proposed framework

Creton, Stuart; Clook, Mark; Wheeler, James R.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.015

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…During the deriving process of WQC, only one toxicity data of aquatic plant is required in the US, Canada and other countries, while more toxicity data of animals are needed (Stephen et al, 1985;CCME, 1991;Yan et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2013a). This is probably because that the sensitivities of the aquatic plants to pollutants are assumed to be lower than those of aquatic animals (as mentioned above) or the toxicity test methods for plants and the illumination of the test results were not yet mature (Stephen et al, 1985;Creton et al, 2014). Therefore, the WQC developed based on toxicity data for mainly aquatic animals may not be effective to protect aquatic plants (Blaylock et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Screening of high phytotoxicity priority pollutants and their ecological risk assessment in China’s surface waters

et al. 2015

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Screening of high phytotoxicity priority pollutants and their ecological risk assessment in China’s surface waters

et al. 2015

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“…Weyers et al (2000) concluded that that acute algae growth inhibition assays (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] test guideline 201; 2006) were more commonly sensitive than Daphnia magna (OECD test guideline 202;2004) and acute fish toxicity (AFT) assays (OECD test guideline 203;. Several authors have found similar trends (Hutchinson et al 2003;Jeram et al 2005;Hoekzema et al 2006;Creton et al 2014). In all these assessments, fish appear as the most sensitive tested organism in 15 to 25% of cases, which is much less frequently than if sensitivity were random (which would be approximately one-third of cases).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish embryo tests and acute fish toxicity tests are interchangeable in the application of the threshold approach

Rawlings

Belanger

Connors

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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A database was compiled for algal Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) test guideline 201, for Daphnia magna OECD test guideline 202, for the acute fish toxicity (AFT) OECD test guideline 203, and for the fish embryo toxicity (FET) OECD test guideline 236 to assess the suitability and applicability of the FET test in a threshold approach context. In the threshold approach, algal and Daphnia toxicity are assessed first, after which a limit test is conducted at the lower of the 2 toxicity values using fish. If potential fish toxicity is indicated, a full median lethal concentration assay is performed. This tiered testing strategy can significantly reduce the number of fish used in toxicity testing because algae or Daphnia are typically more sensitive than fish. A total of 165 compounds had AFT and FET data available, and of these, 82 had algal and Daphnia acute toxicity data available. Algae and Daphnia were more sensitive 75 to 80% of the time. Fish or FET tests were most sensitive 20 and 16% of the time, respectively, when considered as the sole fish toxicity indicator and 27% of the time when both were considered simultaneously. When fish were the most sensitive trophic level, different compounds were identified as the most toxic in FET and to AFT tests; however, the differences were not so large that they resulted in substantially different outcomes when potencies were binned using the United Nations categories of aquatic toxicity under the Globally Harmonized System for classification and labeling. It is recommended that the FET test could be used to directly replace the AFT test in the threshold approach or could be used as the definitive test if an AFT limit test indicated toxicity potential for a chemical. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:671–681. © 2019 SETAC

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“…The full response concentration series is only triggered if mortality is observed at this threshold concentration. Retrospective data analysis has demonstrated that a reduction of between approximately 38 and 73% of fish use could be achieved using a threshold approach, depending on the sector (Hutchinson et al 2003; Jeram et al 2005; Creton et al 2014). It can also be viewed as a refinement because high doses need not be tested so often.…”

Section: Current State Of the Science Testing Framework And Key 3rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Opportunities to Replace, Reduce, and Refine Regulatory Fish Acute Toxicity Tests

Burden

Benstead

Benyon

et al. 2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Fish acute toxicity tests are conducted as part of regulatory hazard identification and risk-assessment packages for industrial chemicals and plant protection products. The aim of these tests is to determine the concentration which would be lethal to 50% of the animals treated. These tests are therefore associated with suffering in the test animals, and Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development test guideline 203 (fish, acute toxicity) studies are the most widely conducted regulatory vertebrate ecotoxicology tests for prospective chemical safety assessment. There is great scope to apply the 3Rs principles-the reduction, refinement, and replacement of animals-in this area of testing. An expert ecotoxicology working group, led by the UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, including members from government, academia, and industry, reviewed global fish acute test data requirements for the major chemical sectors. The present study highlights ongoing initiatives and provides an overview of the key challenges and opportunities associated with replacing, reducing, and/or refining fish acute toxicity studies-without compromising environmental protection.

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Application of the threshold approach for acute fish toxicity testing to plant protection products: A proposed framework

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Screening of high phytotoxicity priority pollutants and their ecological risk assessment in China’s surface waters

Screening of high phytotoxicity priority pollutants and their ecological risk assessment in China’s surface waters

Fish embryo tests and acute fish toxicity tests are interchangeable in the application of the threshold approach

Key Opportunities to Replace, Reduce, and Refine Regulatory Fish Acute Toxicity Tests

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