Application of the Theory of Gender and Power to Examine HIV-Related Exposures, Risk Factors, and Effective Interventions for Women

Wingood, Gina M.; DiClemente, Ralph J.

doi:10.1177/109019810002700502

Cited by 795 publications

(875 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…26 Wingood and DiClemente identify HIV risks within each structure. 9 The sexual division of labor includes economic exposures such as poverty and socioeconomic exposures such as minority status or youth; the sexual division of power includes physical exposures such as a history of sexual or physical abuse and behavioral risk factors such as substance abuse history; cathexis (Bsocial norms and affective attachments^) includes social exposures such as having an older partner and personal risk factors such as a history of psychological distress. 9 …”

Section: Theory Of Gender and Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Understanding factors that contribute to reproductive coercion may assist in developing more effective safe sex interventions. The Theory of Gender and Power suggests that several sources of relationship inequalities could induce reproductive coercion, 9 but only some variables have been studied empirically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 We identified eight potential sources of reproductive coercion related to the structures of the sexual division of labor (boyfriend has a job, boyfriend has a car, boyfriend makes more money, and boyfriend is the primary source of spending money), sexual division of power (physical abuse, emotional abuse), and cathexis (cohabitation, having an older boyfriend). This study tests the hypothesis that these measures predict unprotected sex and unplanned pregnancy using data originally collected for an HIV intervention designed to address inequality between participants and their male partners using the Theory of Gender and Power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting Unprotected Sex and Unplanned Pregnancy among Urban African-American Adolescent Girls Using the Theory of Gender and Power

et al. 2016

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Reproductive coercion has been hypothesized as a cause of unprotected sex and unplanned pregnancies, but research has focused on a narrow set of potential sources of reproductive coercion. We identified and evaluated eight potential sources of reproductive coercion from the Theory of Gender and Power including economic inequality between adolescent girls and their boyfriends, cohabitation, and age differences. The sample comprised sexually active African-American female adolescents, ages 15-21. At baseline (n = 715), 6 months (n = 607), and 12 months (n = 605), participants completed a 40-min interview and were tested for semen Y-chromosome with polymerase chain reaction from a self-administered vaginal swab. We predicted unprotected sex and pregnancy using multivariate regression controlling for demographics, economic factors, relationship attributes, and intervention status using a Poisson working model. Factors associated with unprotected sex included cohabitation (incidence risk ratio (IRR) 1.48, 95 % confidence interval

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Section: Theory Of Gender and Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting Unprotected Sex and Unplanned Pregnancy among Urban African-American Adolescent Girls Using the Theory of Gender and Power

et al. 2016

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“…8,9 Gendered relationship power, herein referred to as relationship power, is a multidimensional construct with roots in individual empowerment, interpersonal dominance, and macrolevel social and structural factors, such as gender norms and economic practices favoring men. 10,11 Although research has examined the association between relationship power and sexual risk, 12,13 it has been hampered by inconsistent measurement 10 and a lack of differentiation among conceptual domains of relationship power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Power and Sexual Risk among Women in Community-Based Substance Abuse Treatment

et al. 2009

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Relationship power has been highlighted as a major factor influencing women's safer sex practices. Little research, however, has specifically examined relationship power in drug-involved women, a population with increased risk for HIV transmission. Using baseline data from a National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network multisite trial of a women's HIV prevention intervention in communitybased drug treatment programs, this paper examined the association between sexual relationship power and unprotected vaginal or anal sex. The Sexual Relationship Power Scale, a measure of relationship control and decision-making dominance, was used to assess the association between power and unprotected sex in relationships with primary male partners. It was hypothesized that increased relationship power would be associated with decreased unprotected sexual occasions, after controlling for relevant empirical and theoretical covariates. Findings show a more complex picture of the association between power and sexual risk in this population, with a main effect in the hypothesized direction for decision-making dominance but not for relationship control. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed, and future research directions for examining power constructs and developing interventions targeting relationship power among drug-involved women are suggested.

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“…10 Alternatively, the focus on women and the exclusion of men in this area of HIV prevention research could be attributed to the fact that theorists have argued that power imbalances in heterosexual relationships influence women's ability to negotiate condom use with their male partners. [11][12][13] It has been assumed that because men are more likely to control condom use, power imbalances and communication skills are less likely to be determinants of safer sex behavior among men. However, because condom use is an interdependent behavior and likely requires the participation, or at least cooperation, of both the man and the woman in a sexual relationship, 14 understanding the factors that influence condom use behavior of MSW is also important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of Condom Use Intentions and Behaviors Among a Community-Based Sample of Latino Men in Los Angeles

Harvey

Henderson²

2006

J Urban Health

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HIV/AIDS has disproportionately affected Latino communities. The majority of research addressing HIV risk behaviors within this population has focused on women. However, men who have sex with women (MSW) are a population increasingly becoming infected with HIV and heterosexual contact is the primary source of HIV transmission among Latinos diagnosed with AIDS. It has been assumed that because men are likely to control condom use, relationship factors are less likely to influence safer sex behavior among men. However, because condom use is an interdependent behavior, understanding factors that predict safer sex behavior among MSW is critical. This study examined the influence of multiple factors on condom use behavior in a community-based sample of young Latino men. Data from 191 Latino men who completed baseline interviews for an intervention were analyzed to examine the association of background, intrapersonal and relationship factors with intentions to use condoms and condom use in the past three months. Findings from multivariate analyses indicated that more positive attitudes toward condoms, stronger partner condom norms and greater participation in decision-making about condom use were significantly associated with both condom use and condom use intentions. Additionally, men reporting lower expectations of negative partner reactions to condom requests were more likely to use condoms, and condom use intentions were higher among men reporting more health protective communication in the relationship. Findings suggest that interventions to prevent HIV need to include men as well as women and address the role of relationship factors and dynamics in safer sex practices.

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Application of the Theory of Gender and Power to Examine HIV-Related Exposures, Risk Factors, and Effective Interventions for Women

Cited by 795 publications

References 90 publications

Predicting Unprotected Sex and Unplanned Pregnancy among Urban African-American Adolescent Girls Using the Theory of Gender and Power

Predicting Unprotected Sex and Unplanned Pregnancy among Urban African-American Adolescent Girls Using the Theory of Gender and Power

Relationship Power and Sexual Risk among Women in Community-Based Substance Abuse Treatment

Correlates of Condom Use Intentions and Behaviors Among a Community-Based Sample of Latino Men in Los Angeles

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