Application of the margin of exposure (MoE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic

Smith, Benjamin; Cadby, Peter A.; Leblanc, Jean-Charles; Setzer, R. Woodrow

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.036

Cited by 40 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Much of the data available for methyl eugenol was related to food rather than cosmetic or healthcare uses . Recent approaches to the risk assessment of compounds that are genotoxic and carcinogenic by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have taken both dose–response and human exposure into consideration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent approaches to the risk assessment of compounds that are genotoxic and carcinogenic by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have taken both dose–response and human exposure into consideration. Methyl eugenol was one compound chosen for case study . This presents a more meaningful approach than simply applying the 1000 times safety factor to the lower end of the NOEL calculation as some fragrance associations recommend .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detecting traces of methyl eugenol in essential oils: tea tree oil, a case study

Southwell¹,

Russell

Davies

2011

Flavour Fragr. J.

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Methyl eugenol is a naturally occurring flavour and fragrance found in a variety of different food sources, including spices, herbs and fruit and also as a component of natural essential oils. Commonly used oils with more than 0.1% of methyl eugenol include calamus, rosewood, elemi, ylang ylang, cymbopogon, star anise, lovage, verbena, nutmeg, basil, pimento, bay leaf, rose and clove. In addition there are other potential sources of exposure to methyl eugenol, including agriculture, wine consumption and ambient background in air and water. Because high doses of some allyl alkoxybenzenes have induced tumours in rats and mice, use is recommended as either restricted or, in the case of safrole, prohibited. Many reviewers and researchers present clear evidence that these restrictions are excessive, especially those who accept that carcinogenesis is a threshold phenomenon. This paper describes suitable gas chromatographic methods for the determination of trace amounts of methyl eugenol in the essential oil of tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia, terpinen-4-ol type. Published 'trace' amounts were interpreted as being as high as 0.3-0.9% by one regulator. Peak assignment by GC-MS and co-elution with a standard facilitated the GC-FID determination of 128 commercial samples. Inter-laboratory confirmation was achieved using GC-MS with selected ion monitoring. These determinations indicated that the methyl eugenol content of tea tree oil ranged from less than 0.01% to 0.06% (mean 0.02%), i.e. 20-fold lower than the regulator's interpretation and one million times lower than the logarithmic scale levels known to cause carcinomas in rats.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting traces of methyl eugenol in essential oils: tea tree oil, a case study

Southwell¹,

Russell

Davies

2011

Flavour Fragr. J.

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“…Potential genotoxic volatile phytochemicals such as safrole, eugenol, methyleugenol, estragole and β‐asarone (Fig. ) are found in some Chinese medicinal plants (Liu et al ., ; Munerato et al ., ; Smith et al ., ; Zhang et al ., ). Safrole is the major component of the oil of sassafras ( Sassafras albidum (Nutt.)…”

Section: Traditional Chms and Other Genotoxic Phytochemicalsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Potential Genotoxicity of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals: An Overview

Zhou

Ouédraogo

et al. 2013

Phytotherapy Research

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In the last decades, cases of poisoning due to herbal medicines have occurred in many countries; Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are occasionally involved. The experience gained from traditional use is efficient to detect immediate or near-immediate relationship between administration and toxic effects but is quite unlikely to detect medium- to long-term toxicities; thorough investigations of herbal medicines (toxicity assessments, active pharmacovigilance) appear then essential for their safe use. Genotoxicity is an especially insidious toxicity that may result in carcinoma development years after exposure; it can arise from multiple compounds, with or without metabolic activation. The present work reviews traditional CHMs and phytochemicals that have been shown to present a genotoxic hazard.

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“…Das SCF schätzt die Aufnahmemenge an Safrol auf 0,005 mg·kg—1 Körpergewicht pro Tag,5 die JECFA gibt höhere Expositionsdaten von durchschnittlich 0,015 ·kg—1 Körpergewicht an 2. Für Methyleugenol stehen in der Literatur durchschnittliche tägliche Aufnahmemengen von 0,19 mg·kg—1 Körpergewicht6 beziehungsweise 0,01 bis 0,66 mg·kg—1 Körpergewicht 7. Für Nahrungsergänzungsmittel wurden mit Berücksichtigung der empfohlenen Tagesdosis tägliche Aufnahmemengen von Estragol, Methyleugenol und Safrol von 0,001 bis 4 mg·kg—1 Körpergewicht postuliert.…”

Section: Humane Expositionunclassified

“…eine Co‐Exposition mit dem Sult‐Hemmstoff Pentachlorphenol reduziert die Tumorrate bei Mäusen und Ratten 1,7…”

Section: Gentoxizität Und Kanzerogenitätunclassified

Lebensmittelchemie 2013

2014

Nachr Chem

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Application of the margin of exposure (MoE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic

Cited by 40 publications

References 29 publications

Detecting traces of methyl eugenol in essential oils: tea tree oil, a case study

Detecting traces of methyl eugenol in essential oils: tea tree oil, a case study

Potential Genotoxicity of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals: An Overview

Lebensmittelchemie 2013

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