Application of the 3-PG Model for Gross Primary Productivity Estimation in Deciduous Broadleaf Forests: A Study Area in Japan

Abstract

Abstract:The physiological principles predicting growth (3-PG) model is generally used to estimate gross primary productivity (GPP) in forest plantations. All existing parameter values in the 3-PG model for GPP estimation have been set as the standard values for eucalyptus and pine plantations. We propose that the 3-PG model can be applied to deciduous broadleaf forests dominated by Betula platyphylla via appropriate parameterization of their structure and functions. The allometric relationships between stem biomass and stem diameter, and between foliage biomass and stem biomass, were determined for the biomass partitioning ratio. Additionally, a temperature modifier was considered appropriate because it affected canopy quantum efficiency. After parameterization, the model showed a good correlation between the estimated results and the data from experimental plots in central and northern Japan. At both sites, GPP peaked around August and was 0 during the winter, when the canopy is bare of leaves. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the most influential parameter relative to the output. GPP was sensitive to changes in canopy quantum efficiency and optimum temperature. Among the meteorological data used, solar radiation and temperature had great impacts on GPP, therefore, these parameters should be carefully considered to produce accurate results. OPEN ACCESSForests 2011, 2 591

Analysing the spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests and the effects of stand density using the 3-PG model

“…Predictions for monocultures differed very little between 3-PG PJS 2.7 and 3-PG mix when each used a different light sub-model (L1 vs. L2; Table 2). Furthermore the sensitivity analysis indicated similar model behaviour to previous sensitivity analyses of 3-PG in terms of the parameters that 3-PG is most sensitive too and the output variables that are most sensitive to them (Almeida et al, 2004a;Esprey et al, 2004;Xenakis et al, 2008;Zhao et al, 2009;Pérez-Cruzado et al, 2011;Potithep and Yasuoka, 2011).…”

“…(A.5)) will result in zero P G . This approach was used for Betula platyphylla forests (Potithep and Yasuoka, 2011). However, this approach only stops the trees from functioning during the cold (or hot) period; it does not cause the loss of any leaves (L is unchanged) and hence no assimilates are required to rebuild the canopy in spring because the W F has not been lost and simply becomes active again.…”

“…Three of these, which modelled Populus hybrids and Salix dasyclados, modelled these species as if they were evergreen (Amichev et al, 2010(Amichev et al, , 2011Headlee et al, 2013). In the fourth study the dormant period of Betula platyphylla was modelled using the 3-PG temperature modifier such that there was zero GPP during winter months with temperatures lower than a defined minimum (Potithep and Yasuoka, 2011). This is also possible in 3-PG mix but this will only stop the trees from functioning during the cold period.…”

Long-term spatial and temporal trends in frost indices in Kansas, USA

“…A number of values for T b have been chosen, some of which are presented in Table 1 in supplementary material. The most common value of T b is 0°C, but the "killing temperatures" for vegetation vary with plant species, and plant damage depends on the frost duration and severity (Christidis et al 2007); therefore, a host of T b , namely −4.4°C, −2.2°C, 5.6°C (Robeson 2002), 2.2°C (Schwartz and Reiter 2000;Goodin et al 1995Goodin et al , 2003, and 2°C (Potithep and Yasuoka 2011), have been chosen to define a frost day. The European Environmental Agency (EEA) defines a frost day as a day with an average temperature less than 0°C (T b =0°C) (EEA; http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-europeantemperature/global-and-european-temperature-assessment-4).…”

“…Some of these changes affect (1) human and animal disease distribution, (2) timing and reproduction of insects and pests, (3) species diversification in wetlands (Neustupa et al 2011), (4) crop yields (Pecetti et al 2011), (5) seed production (Pons and Pausas 2012), (6) biomass production (Potithep and Yasuoka 2011), (7) plant photosynthesis (Oquist et al 1993), (8) bird migration, and (9) soil decomposition and mineralization rates. Numerous indices have been used to describe frost's impact on agriculture.…”