“…To increase the productions and improve their quality, smart and sustainable agriculture systems are developed. Nanonetworks provide quick and reliable surveillance for the health of leaves and detection of any pesticides in leaves [19]. Nanonetworks for plant monitoring alert the need for water, fertilizers and pesticides.…”
Section: Applications Of Electromagnetic Nanonetworkmentioning
“…To increase the productions and improve their quality, smart and sustainable agriculture systems are developed. Nanonetworks provide quick and reliable surveillance for the health of leaves and detection of any pesticides in leaves [19]. Nanonetworks for plant monitoring alert the need for water, fertilizers and pesticides.…”
Section: Applications Of Electromagnetic Nanonetworkmentioning
“…Terahertz radiation may be able to penetrate the soil to a considerable depth and, having in mind its effects on tissues of animals and plants alike, disturb local ecological systems. This raises concerns regarding the rising trend of new agricultural tools that implement this type of EM radiation as a means to keep track of plant development or soil content in microplastics [71][72][73][74][75][76]. Locations suffering from a generally dry climate or desertification are at the highest risk of being affected by THz due to the lack of water that could otherwise act as a barrier.…”
Terahertz (THz) radiation has been noted to affect biological organisms to a unique degree with various effects ranging from modifications brought to protein activity to epigenetic changes that lead to altered metabolism or reproduction. These effects are classified into thermal and non-thermal, with the former being caused by THz’s capacity to induce localised thermal changes while the latter involves more complex interactions with cells’ macromolecules which are poorly understood. Terahertz’s ability to enhance actin polymerisation and alter gene expression leads to a number of possible applications in agriculture, as it has been observed that certain plant species have higher growth speeds post-exposure, and medicine, with cancer’s rapid division being possibly slowed down.
“…Furthermore, in the IoT sector, the Arrowhead technology in the smart agriculture area with smart energy and smart cities was also proposed as an innovative approach to improve interconnectivity and interoperability among different smart devices [ 114 ]. Furthermore, the application and deriving advantages of terahertz sensing in the agriculture sector as a faster and reliable technology for the overall monitoring and maintaining leaves’ health was also highlighted in a recent review [ 115 ].…”
Section: Nanosensors For Monitoring Pathogens Diseases and Environmental Conditionsmentioning
Intensive conventional agriculture and climate change have induced severe ecological damages and threatened global food security, claiming a reorientation of agricultural management and public policies towards a more sustainable development model. In this context, nanomaterials promise to support this transition by promoting mitigation, enhancing productivity, and reducing contamination. This review gathers recent research innovations on smart nanoformulations and delivery systems improving crop protection and plant nutrition, nanoremediation strategies for contaminated soils, nanosensors for plant health and food quality and safety monitoring, and nanomaterials as smart food-packaging. It also highlights the impact of engineered nanomaterials on soil microbial communities, and potential environmental risks, along with future research directions. Although large-scale production and in-field testing of nano-agrochemicals are still ongoing, the collected information indicates improvements in uptake, use efficiency, targeted delivery of the active ingredients, and reduction of leaching and pollution. Nanoremediation seems to have a low negative impact on microbial communities while promoting biodiversity. Nanosensors enable high-resolution crop monitoring and sustainable management of the resources, while nano-packaging confers catalytic, antimicrobial, and barrier properties, preserving food safety and preventing food waste. Though, the application of nanomaterials to the agri-food sector requires a specific risk assessment supporting proper regulations and public acceptance.
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