Application of Sulphur-Free Lignins as a Filler for Elastomers: Effect of Hexamethylenetetramine Treatment

Frigerio, Paola; Zoia, Luca; Orlandi, Marco; Hanel, Thomas; Castellani, Luca

doi:10.15376/biores.9.1.1387-1400

Cited by 42 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…To improve the reinforcing efficiency of lignin, some researchers adopted surface chemical modifications or hybrid fillers to address the issue of the dispersion and compatibility of lignin in rubber matrix. For example, Frigerio et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In situ dispersion and compatibilization of lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites: reactivity, morphology and property

Jiang

Yao

et al. 2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Lignin, a naturally occurring polymer, was viewed as a potential substitute of carbon black for reinforcing rubber materials. However, it shows no reinforcing effect if directly mixed with rubber. In this study, lignin was in situ dispersed at submicrometer size and highly compatible with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) by using a high-temperature dynamic heat treatment (HTDHT). Rheology analysis indicated that the ring opening reaction between lignin and ENR occurred at 160 C or above, which was further confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Due to the consumption of acidic groups of lignin by ENR, the retardant vulcanization effect of lignin was weakened. Morphology observation and dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated the perfect lignin dispersion and the strong interactions between lignin and ENR. The mechanical properties of the lignin/ENR composites were significantly improved by using HTDHT. Compared to the directly mixed rubber composites, the tensile strength and tear strength of the heat treated rubber composites filled with 40 phr lignin were increased by 114% and 23%, respectively. Especially, the 300% modulus of the heat treated rubber composite was increased by ca. 400%. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the reinforcement of the composites originated from the presence of lignin rather than the strain-induced crystallization of ENR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Frigerio et al . reported that lignin treated with hexamethylenetetramine possessed a higher reinforcing ability than unmodified one . Bahl et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ dispersion and compatibilization of lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites: reactivity, morphology and property

Jiang

Yao

et al. 2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…In this regard this application has the pivotal role in obtaining lignin with high purity (Cui et al 2014;Frigerio et al 2014). A deep chemical characterization was achieved by the GPC, FTIR, 2D-HSQC, and 31 P-NMR analyses.…”

Section: Lignin Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also absorbs UV radiation and exhibits flame-retardant properties (De Chirico et al 2003). Furthermore, lignin can be used in epoxy resins (Lora and Glasser 2002), green composites (Bertini et al 2012;Thakur et al 2014), and as filler in tires (Frigerio et al 2014;Barana et al 2016a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major issue that precludes the complete utilization of lignin is that the SE process is not optimized to produce pure lignin (Cui et al 2014;Frigerio et al 2014), and the array of aromatic polymers obtained is contaminated by impurities such as ash and residual carbohydrates, which are often still covalently connected to lignin (Shevchenko et al 1999). While lignin extraction from black liquor, for example in the pulp industry, has already been extensively explored (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valorization of Side-Streams from a SSF Biorefinery Plant: Wheat Straw Lignin Purification Study

Zoia¹,

Salanti²,

Tolppa³

et al. 2017

BioResources

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The lignocellulosic materials produced after each step of a biorefinery plant using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) technology on wheat straw (Triticum spp.) for bioethanol production were characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques in order to investigate the macromolecular interactions between the lignin and polysaccharides. In order to valorize the lignin cakes, a purification step was set up and the extraction conditions (acid pretreatment, temperature, time, and NaOH concentration) were optimized by a chemiometric approach in terms of yield and purity. Residual carbohydrate impurities, free and/or chemically bonded to lignin (lignin carbohydrates complexes), were individuate as the most critical factor for a satisfactory lignin extraction. Finally, the lignin samples collected according to the optimized extraction conditions were chemically characterized and low molecular weight, high phenols concentration, and low carboxylic acids content were recognized as interesting features for industrial applications.

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Bio‐Based Fillers for Environmentally Friendly Composites

Mokhothu

John

2017

Handbook of Composites From Renewable Materials

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Application of Sulphur-Free Lignins as a Filler for Elastomers: Effect of Hexamethylenetetramine Treatment

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

In situ dispersion and compatibilization of lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites: reactivity, morphology and property

In situ dispersion and compatibilization of lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites: reactivity, morphology and property

Valorization of Side-Streams from a SSF Biorefinery Plant: Wheat Straw Lignin Purification Study

Bio‐Based Fillers for Environmentally Friendly Composites

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