Application of Spatial Modeling of Biophysical Variables in an Urbanized Area in the Amazon: The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Belém-Pará

Abstract

The type of land use and land cover plays a decisive role in land surface temperature (LST). As cities are composed of varied covers, including vegetation, built-up areas, buildings, roads and areas without vegetation, understanding LST patterns in complex urban spaces is becoming increasingly important. The present study investigated the relationship between LST and albedo, NDVI, NDWI, NDBI and NDBaI in the period between 1994 and 2017. Images from Thematic Mapper (TM) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) onboard the Landsat 5 and 8 satellites, respectively, were used in the study. The images were processed, resampled (spatial resolution of 120 m) in the environment of the QGIS 3.0 software and, finally, centroids were extracted resulting in a total of 1252 points. A classical regression (CR) model was applied to the variables, followed by spatial autoregressive (SARM) and spatial error (SEM) models, and the results were compared using accuracy indices. The results showed that the highest correlation coefficient was found between albedo and NDBaI (r = 0.88). The relationship between albedo and LST (r = 0.7) was also positive and significant at р < 0.05. The global Moran's I index showed spatial dependence and non-stationarity of the LST (I = 0.44). The SEM presented the best accuracy metrics (AIC = 3307.15 and R2 = 0.65) for the metropolitan region of Belém, explaining considerably more variations in the relationship between explanatory factors and LST when compared to conventional CR models.

Hemeroby Mapping of the Belém Landscape in Eastern Amazon and Impact Study of Urbanization on the Local Climate

“…Our observational findings showed that the regions where the conservation of primary forest vegetation prevailed (natural ahemerobic degree) coincide with a relatively smaller increase in air temperature when compared to the areas where the urbanization process predominates (artificial metahemerobic degree), according to quantitative results in Table 2 and Figure 8. Silva [33] found a significant positive correlation between surface temperature maps and the NDBI and NDBal indices (spectral indicators of land cover in built-up areas and primary and secondary bare land) generated by Landsat satellite images in the region metropolitan area of Belém.…”

Efeito de um evento de friagem no cenário de mudança no uso e cobertura da terra no Sudoeste da Amazônia

“…A sazonalidade climática da região amazônica depende da interação fenômenos de macroescala, como a Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT), com fenômenos em escalas menores, e o mosaico da cobertura da terra desempenha um papel determinante nessa interação (SÁTYRO et al, 2021). A cobertura da terra está associada ao aumento do albedo e da temperatura da superfície (PAVÃO et al, 2017;SILVA et al, 2021). Em termos de mesoescala na Amazônia, os autores Fisch, Marengo e Nobre (1998) explicam o papel das massas polares ao longo do ano, enquanto Silva Dias et al (2004) destacam a importância das friagens para as chuvas convectivas.…”