Application of solid‐phase microextraction in current biomedical research

Abstract

Extraction of endogenous compounds and drugs and their corresponding metabolites from complex matrices, such as biofluids and solid tissues, requires adequate analytical approach facilitating qualitative and quantitative analysis. To this end, solid‐phase microextraction has been introduced as modern technology that is capable of efficient and high‐throughput extraction of compounds due to its ability to amalgamate sampling, extraction, and pre‐concentration steps, while requiring minimal use of organic solvents. The ability of solid‐phase microextraction to enable analyses on small‐volume biological samples and growing availability of biocompatible solid‐phase microextraction coatings make it a highly useful technology for variety of applications. For example, solid‐phase microextraction is particularly useful for identifying biomarkers in metabolomics studies, and it can be successfully applied in pharmaceutical and toxicological studies requiring the fast and sensitive determination of drug levels, especially those that are present at low levels in biological matrices such as plasma, urine, saliva, and hair. Moreover, solid‐phase microextraction can be directly applied in in vivo studies because this extraction technique is non‐exhaustive and its biocompatible probes offer minimal invasiveness to the analyzed system. In this article, we review recent progress in well‐established solid‐phase microextraction technique for in vitro and in vivo analyses of various metabolites and drugs in clinical, pharmaceutical, and toxicological applications.

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) as a modern technique for the isolation of medications from biological samples

“…badanie pestycydów w wodach gruntowych) [22], produktów spożywczych [23], w badaniach klinicznych (np. poszukiwanie biomarkerów chorób) [24], a także w analizie toksykologicznej oraz w badaniach farmaceutycznych [25].…”

“…Technika ta może być używana do analizy leków wykorzystując HS-SPME lub DI-SPME oraz być w połączeniu z metodami instrumentalnymi takimi jak GC-MS czy LC-MS. SPME jest obiecującym narzędziem do klinicznego i farmaceutycznego podejścia w spersonalizowanej medycynie, co w znacznym stopniu może poprawić skuteczności farmakoterapii. Te zalety czynią SPME atrakcyjną opcją do zastosowania w przyszłości w rutynowych analizach laboratoryjnych [25].…”

Bioanalytical HPLC Applications of In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction: A Two-Decade Overview

“…Several review articles have been published in recent years on SPME, highlighting various application areas, developments, and materials/coatings [7,11,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Recently, a review article has been published as an overview of the most cited review articles on SPME covering theory, applications, automation, and future trends [30].…”

Recent Advances in In Vivo SPME Sampling

“…In addition, the possibility of directly interfacing SPME to mass spectrometers represents a valuable tool for the rapid quali-and quantitative analysis of complex matrices [3][4][5][6]. The development of in vivo/ex vivo SPME-based methods can be of paramount importance in medicine and veterinary medicine, when rapid decisions need to be taken during or immediately after surgery in order to establish the proper therapeutic protocol [7,8]. Metabolomic studies are another field of interest: in fact, detecting metabolites is critical for interpreting the health status or disease conditions of living organisms [9,10].…”