Application of solid‐phase extraction: High‐resolution mass spectrometry analysis strategy in the characterization and quantification of amide herbicides in aquatic products

Abstract

In this study, we developed a new method combining thin-layer ultrasonic extraction, efficient SPE purification, ultra-performance liquid chromatography separation, and high-resolution mass spectrometry characterization for seven amide herbicides in fishery products. In sample preparation, to rapidly increase the contact area between the fish meat and the extractant, the fish meat was smeared on a glass slide. This process resulted in quickly reaching the extraction equilibrium and relatively high extraction efficiency. In data analysis, a strategy for characterization and qualitative analysis was constructed by analyzing the fragmentation of amide herbicides using product ion scans. Isomeric pretilachlor and butachlor were separated chromatographically, while the coeluting isomers, alachlor and acetochlor, could be separated by differences in the fragmentation of their selected precursor ions. This method overcame the challenge of poor dispersion in the extractant caused by the high viscosity of fish meat, and the challenge of separation and characterization for isomers. Compared with other methods, the extraction efficiency was improved and the amide herbicides in aquatic products was characterized and quantified rapidly and accurately. Moreover, the qualitative information was much greater and provided an additional strategy for analytes identification. This rapid and accurate method will benefit workers involved in monitoring fishery.

Development of a MOF-based SPE method combined with GC–MS for simultaneous determination of alachlor, acetochlor and pretilachlor in field soil

“…Nevertheless, as a result of their trace amount and complex matrix, some preconcentration and clean-up processes are required. Current sample pretreatment techniques such as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (Cara, et al 2021), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) (Zhao, et al 2009), LLME (Zhao, et al 2008), SPE (Gao, et al 2022b;Nevado, et al 2007) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) (Zhang, et al 2014) have been reported for determination of amide herbicides residues in different samples. Nowadays, with the development of biotechnology, immunosorbent chromatography (ICA) (Chen, et al 2009)and molecular imprinting technology (MIT) (Yu, et al 2019) have also been used for the puri cation of amide herbicide.…”

“…For SPE process, the adsorption performance of adsorbent material is the most critical factor. Although common SPE cartridges on the market such as Bond Elut-ENV SPE cartridges (Nevado, et al 2007), C18 (Qu, et al 2017), HLB (Gao, et al 2022b), MCX (Liu, et al 2020), GCB (Yu, et al 2019) and PSA (Yu, et al 2019) are widely applied to the pretreatment of amide herbicide, adsorbent material with better adsorption capacity need to be developed. Hu et al prepared a new adsorbent to adsorb nitrogenous pollutants in water including amide herbicides, which is boronate a nity (Hu, et al 2014).…”

Cellular toxicity and pharmacokinetic study of butachlor by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry based on tandem mass spectrometry cubed technique

“…Butachlor can be degraded in soil and it is easier to be degraded under strong acid conditions [1]. As a highly selective and highly effective pesticide, butachlor is one of the widely used herbicides in rice fields [2]. The amendment to the Pesticide Management Regulations of the People's Republic of China approved in 2017 emphasizes the need to standardize the use of pesticides.…”