Application of reverse vaccinology for designing of an mRNA vaccine against re-emerging marine birnavirus affecting fish species

Application of reverse vaccinology to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against a new strain of Aeromonas veronii

“…We observed the Z -score (–6.52) and superior features of the most favored, acceptable, and prohibited areas for the Ramachandran plot in the validation test of the 3D structure. It was suggested by the lowest energy score of Vaccine-TLR5 complexes respectively, from a molecular docking suggested that the vaccine could have infection-inhibiting activity and might interact tightly with these receptors [ 34 ]. In Teleosts, TLR5 is sensitive to flagellin protein, so we employed flagellin peptides in epitope-based vaccine crafting, and it was found to function to induce inflammatory responses and develop innate immunity in fish [ 89 , 90 ].…”

“…The calculated average RMSD and RMSF value was 4.88 Å and 4.0 Å, respectively. The fluctuation was not observed to be larger in the vaccine section, but it smoothed out after 5 ns, suggesting that the modeled vaccine and receptor are stable [ 33 , 34 ].…”

“…Lastly, we examined the optimal target clearance and cell density parameters for the best immunologic response against the pathogen by constructing an immune simulation [ 92 ]. As a result of the upgraded vaccine doses, the immune system created memory B cells (with a half-life of several months) and T cells [ 34 ]. The vaccination efficiently imitated a humoral immune response to increased immunoglobulin production in this way.…”

Use of Integrated Core Proteomics, Immuno-Informatics, and In Silico Approaches to Design a Multiepitope Vaccine against Zoonotic Pathogen Edwardsiella tarda

“…The binding linkages between modeling proteins and receptor molecules can be revealed by molecular docking. The refined vaccine model was submitted to the ClusPro v2.0 and HADDOCK server (version 2.4) as a ligand, and the PDB IDs of the MHC I (1I1Y), TLR5 (3V44), and MHC II (PDB ID: 1KG0) proteins were used as the immuno-logical receptors [29,66]. Using dynamic docking, HADDOCK designs biomolecular complexes based on existing information.…”

“…Moreover, the MHC-II DAA and DAB allele has already been observed in Rainbow trout. In addition, the immunoinformatic approach was proved effective for epitope (T-cell and B-cell) prediction in fish (essential to develop vaccine subunit) and showed strong reactivity in the presence of Vibrio harveyi, Streptococcus agalactiae, marine birna virus, and Flavobacterium columnari separately [25][26][27][28][29]. The advantage of the sub-unit vaccine is the zero risk of host or nontarget species pathogenicity because this type of vaccine cannot multiply [30].…”