Application of Response Surface Methodology Based on a Box-Behnken Design to Determine Optimal Parameters to Produce Brined Cabbage Used in Kimchi

Abstract

The factors of brine time, concentration, and temperature, affect the high-quality production of brined cabbage used in Kimchi. Although changes in Kimchi cabbage quality depending on brine time and concentration have been reported, changes in brine temperature have not been explored. Here, we optimized the brine process considering specific conditions of temperature (15–25 °C), concentration (10–14%), and osmosis duration (14–18 h) affecting the characteristics such as pH, titratable acidity, soluble solid content, glucose, fructose, and lactic acid bacteria and mass transport (salt gain, water loss, and weight reduction). The optimal parameters were determined using multivariate statistical analysis using the Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. For each response as qualitative characteristics, second order polynomial models were developed using multiple regression analysis. Analysis of variance was performed to check the adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models. The brine temperature and concentration affected salt gain and water loss; the optimal brining temperature, concentration, and time were 19.17 °C, 10.53%, and 15.38 h, respectively. Statistical regression analysis indicated that standardized brined cabbage can be produced efficiently using a brining tank at controllable temperature.

Evaluation of Virucidal Efficacy of Human Norovirus Using Combined Sprayed Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water and Ultraviolet C-Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation Treatment Based on Optimized Capture Assay for Quantitative RT-qPCR

“…The relative importance of the effects of SAEW treatment and UVC-LED irradiation on HuNoV inactivation is illustrated in the Pareto chart presented in Figure 3A . According to Song et al (2021) , the Pareto analysis, demonstrating the absolute value of the standardized influence factor, is used to determine the magnitude and importance of the response effect among the independent parameter, second order, and interaction effects. The vertical red baseline Pareto chart indicates a value of 2.57 with a 95% confidence level, whereas the horizontal bar chart indicates the analyzed t −values.…”

Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Salix babylonica L. Buds, and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Extract

“…Traditional single-factor experiments only involve one variable factor, and the obtained screening data are not reliable enough. On the basis of single-factor experiments, the application of RSM can not only show the influence of interaction terms on the extraction rate of flavonoids but also analyze the accuracy and reliability of data [ 19 , 20 ]. We performed experiments with the optimal parameters, and the yield at 7.55% was identified to be an approximate value in comparison to the predicted results.…”

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“…[25] Quality by design is tried and tested systemic method that can be applied during the preliminary stages of formulation development, designing, and optimization. [26][27][28][29] In the present study, Box-Behnken design was implemented to optimize cisplatin mucoadhesive film with a high swelling index and residence time. The optimized film was evaluated for appearance, pH, thickness, weight uniformity, folding endurance, percentage moisture absorption (PMA), percentage moisture loss (PML), content uniformity, in vitro drug release, and in vitro cytotoxicity study.…”