“…While casts from earthworms belonging to the three feeding guilds were richer in readily available P than the bulk soil (Vos et al, 2019), under field conditions only two species (Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus and Aporretodea longa Ude) have been proven to improve grass P uptake (Vos et al, 2022b). Beyond mobilising soil P, earthworms are able to enhance the availability of P from mineral fertilisers with a low solubility such as phosphate rock (Atmaca, 2021;Mackay et al, 1983). Their composted casts (EcoTea, Canada) have been shown to increase the effectiveness of struvite to fertilise oat in controlled conditions (Hernández Jiménez et al, 2020).…”