Application of Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission Technique to Gunshot Residue Analyses

Sen, P.; Panigrahi, N.; Rao, M. Sundara; Varier, K. M.; Sen, S.; Mehta, G.K.

doi:10.1520/jfs11487j

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The former provides quantitative and elemental information [ 13 , 15 , 42 ], whereas AFM allows a very high-resolution picture of the GSR particles at nanoscale dimensions [ 43 ]. On the other hand, PIXE is a technique that employs a beam of high-energy particles for elemental analysis [ 44 ], and NAA is a highly sensitive approach that focuses on the nucleus of the atoms present in the elements of the sample with quantitative capabilities [ 16 , 45 ]. Moreover, mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) also proved valuable for IGSR particles analysis [ 14 , 16 ].…”

Section: Main Components Of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues

Serol,

Ahmad,

Quintas

et al. 2023

Molecules

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The identification of firearms is of paramount importance for investigating crimes involving firearms, as it establishes the link between a particular firearm and firearm-related elements found at a crime scene, such as projectiles and cartridge cases. This identification relies on the visual comparison of such elements against reference samples from suspect firearms or those existing in databases. Whenever this approach is not possible, the chemical analysis of the gunpowder and gunshot residue can provide additional information that may assist in establishing a link between samples retrieved at a crime scene and those from a suspect or in the identification of the corresponding model and manufacturer of the ammunition used. The most commonly used method for the chemical analysis of gunshot residue is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, which focuses on the inorganic elements present in ammunition formulation, particularly heavy metals. However, a change in the legal paradigm is pushing changes in these formulations to remove heavy metals due to their potential for environmental contamination and the health hazards they represent. For this reason, the importance of the analysis of organic compounds is leading to the adoption of a different set of analytical methodologies, mostly based on spectroscopy and chromatography. This manuscript reviews the constitution of primer and gunpowder formulations and the analytical methods currently used for detecting, characterising, and identifying their compounds. In addition, this contribution also explores how the information provided by these methodologies can be used in ammunition identification and how it is driving the development of novel applications within forensic ballistics.

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Section: Main Components Of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues

Serol,

Ahmad,

Quintas

et al. 2023

Molecules

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“…In 1982, the use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP/OES) was reported to identify Ba (Sen et al, 1982). This technique showed greater precision and accuracy than AAS for the determination of Ba in GSR, besides not suffering interference due to the presence of grease, dirt, or blood.…”

Section: Some Background: Conventional Gsr Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontoxic ammunition: Challenges and perspectives for GSR identification

Carneiro

Lucena

Silva

et al. 2022

WIREs Forensic Science

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Gunshot residues (GSR) are one of the most important forensic traces in crimes involving firearm discharge, being the conventional GSR characterized by containing spheroidal particles composed of Pb, Ba, and Sb. Over the years, a wide range of techniques has been applied and improved to characterize the conventional GSR, with deserved emphasis on scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). However, the introduction of nontoxic ammunition (NTA), or heavy metal‐free (HMF), on the market has triggered a search for new methodologies for GSR identification since methods based on the chemical and/or morphological profiles of conventional GSR are no longer appropriate for the analysis of this type of residues. This review highlights current methods and proposals for characterization of GSR from NTA, which involve either the search for characteristic chemical profiles or the insertion of selective markers in this new type of ammunition. This article is categorized under: Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Emerging Technologies and Methods Forensic Medicine > Imaging Modalities

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“…Studies of firearm discharge element profiles around bullet holes indicated that the firing distance could be estimated by this technique. Furthermore, studies of hand swabs from, firers showed that the high sensitivity of this procedure (0.1-1 ng) can help screen out suspects who have not handled a weapon (371). Another approach examined was anodic stripping voltammetry.…”

Section: Forensic Biochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceuticals and related drugs

Gilpin¹,

Pachla²,

Ranweiler³

1983

Anal. Chem.

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Forensic Science in Applications Reviews. Given the tremendous diversity of materials received by forensic science facilities and the varied assortment of analytical techniques applied to their characterization, there has, and will remain, serious interest on the part of forensic scientists in the subject content of most reviews appearing within this Journal. It is the aim of this article to augment these reviews with a concise survey of articles appearing in publications that primarily appeal to forensic practitioners. To accomplish this objective, we have focused our attention on the following journals:

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Application of Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission Technique to Gunshot Residue Analyses

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues

Chemical Analysis of Gunpowder and Gunshot Residues

Nontoxic ammunition: Challenges and perspectives for GSR identification

Pharmaceuticals and related drugs

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