Application of Proteomic Tools in Modern Nanotechnological Approaches Towards Effective Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Abstract

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons leading to neuronal death, usually associated with ageing. Some of the common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Huntington's disease. Due to recent advancements in highthroughput technologies in various disciplines such as genomics, epigenomics, metabolomics and proteomics, there has been a great demand for detection of specific macromolecules such as hormones, drug residues, miRNA, DNA, antibodies, peptides, proteins, pathogens and xenobiotics at nano-level concentrations for in-depth understanding of disease mechanisms as well as for the development of new therapeutic strategies. The present review focuses on the management of agerelated neurodegenerative disorders using proteomics and nanotechnological approaches. In addition, this review also highlights the metabolism and disposition of nano-drugs and nano-enabled drug delivery in neurodegenerative disorders.

Scope of Nanomaterials in Treating Neurological Disorders

“…Research shows that many are safe to use but have a toxic nature, so we have to understand the toxicology of different materials before using them. As we apply nanomaterials to one of the most scientific areas of the human body, i.e., the nervous system, we cannot apply them without checking them properly in the laboratories [59][60][61][62].…”

Could Proteomics Become a Future Useful Tool to Shed Light on the Mechanisms of Rare Neurodegenerative Disorders?

“…Several scientists have described changes in protein profiles of brain tissue from patients with prion disease [ 14 ]. For example, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), combined with multidimensional LC-MS/MS, was used by Shi et al [ 15 ] to investigate the global protein alterations in the cortex and cerebellum of sporadic and genetic forms of CJD, FFI, and controls.…”

Matching the power of high throughput screening to the chemical diversity of natural products

“…For example, saponins have long been recognized as potentially interfering agents due to toxicity, but as is the case with polyphenols in biochemical assays, removal of saponins from test samples may result in the loss of interesting and important activities. 145,146 Other approaches to identification of generally cytotoxic samples are similar to those employed for biochemical assays. For reporter assays, cytotoxicity assays are often applied in order to identify samples that are apparently active as a result of signal reduction due to cell killing.…”