Application of polymers for coating of proppant in hydraulic fracturing of subterraneous formations: A comprehensive review

Zoveidavianpoor, Mansoor; Gharibi, Abdoullatif

doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2015.03.024

Cited by 85 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…One class of polymeric fluids used in fracking are polymeric crosslinked fluids, commonly comprised of guar crosslinked with sodium tetraborate, hydroxypropyl guar, or acrylamide co‐polymers crosslinked with zirconates . The effectiveness of polymeric crosslinked fluids to carry proppant is generally attributed to their high viscosity, which is one of the main parameters considered during formulation . Historically, the specifications for fracking fluids are based on viscosity, as viscometers are inexpensive, rather than on viscoelasticity, as rheometers are expensive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shear rheological properties of composite fluids and stability of particle suspensions: Potential implications for fracturing and environmental fluids

et al. 2019

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Composite fluids are comprised of particles and polymers and are used for fracking and the in‐situ treatment of subsurface contaminants. This study investigates the correlation between the shear viscoelasticity of guar aqueous solutions and their effectiveness in suspending sand, which is a common fracking proppant. In the absence of a crosslinker, the shear viscous modulus (G”) of 5 g/L guar solutions was greater than the shear elastic modulus (G’). When the crosslinker borax was added, the guar solutions behaved as yield stress fluids (G’ > G”). Sand was well‐suspended in the crosslinked guar solutions but settled in non‐crosslinked fluids. Similar results were obtained with fenugreek gum. This study also investigates the correlation between particle settling and the effect of particle addition on the rheology of the fluids. Granulated activated carbon (GAC) particles are utilized to remediate polluted sites and were used as model particles. Guar and xanthan effectively suspended the GAC. Anionic polyacrylamide effectively suspended the GAC but not after soaking in sodium dodecyl sulphate. Zetag 8167 did not effectively suspend the GAC. The addition of 10 g/L of GAC did not affect the shear rheology of the fluids that suspended them, but decreased the shear viscoelastic moduli of the polymeric fluids that could not suspend them.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shear rheological properties of composite fluids and stability of particle suspensions: Potential implications for fracturing and environmental fluids

et al. 2019

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“…It is evident from these data that the PU leaching was considerably higher than Novolac resin‐based RCP‐PC and RCP‐C for which the total leachant average concentrations were 600 and 410 ppm, respectively, at 250 °F. It is stated in the context of the proppants that PU coatings cannot provide adequate heat resistance at temperatures exceeding 250 °F . In our study, the much higher resin coating degradation observed for the PU RCPs at 250 °F in sharp contrast to the very low levels of leaching demonstrated in the case of Novolac RCPs points to the fact that the PU‐RCP end use temperatures for hydraulic fracturing operations may be confined to ∼150 °F.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Leaching studies on Novolac resin‐coated proppants‐performance, stability, product safety, and environmental health considerations

Horadam¹,

Venkatasubramanian²,

Tran³

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Understanding the failure mechanisms of resin-coated proppants under extreme environments facilitates the development of stronger proppants for superior long-term performance in the oil and gas sector. In the current study, the leaching behavior of Novolac resin-coated proppants (RCPs) and that of polyurethane (PU) based RCPs with aqueous media under different pH conditions and at elevated temperatures have been critically examined, to assess their chemical stability and integrity. Our study indicates that Novolac-based RCPs are substantially more stable to leaching conditions at 250 8F compared to PU-based RCPs. An in-depth nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the aqueous leachates from the RCP systems reveals that the averaged total levels of the leached components from the PU-based RCPs is five-to sevenfold higher than those of the Novolac RCPs at the higher temperature. In addition, a critical examination of the Novolac RCPs from a product safety and environmental health viewpoint is accomplished by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric analysis of the aqueous leachates. The findings reveal that the concentrations of the phenolics, including free phenol, are lower than the detectable limits (<1 ppm) of the technique. V C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45845.

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“…5 Such a proppant embedment can significantly reduce the fracture conductivity and increase the probability of clogging tight fracture networks in the shale formations due to a softened fracture face after exposure to water. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Among all the available selections, those proppants exhibiting lightweight, uniform-size, high-strength, chemically inertia, and economical cost are said to be preferable for unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Among all the available selections, those proppants exhibiting lightweight, uniform-size, high-strength, chemically inertia, and economical cost are said to be preferable for unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16,17 In addition, many kinds of literature have focused on the effects of types, shapes, size, and compositions of proppants on oil and gas flow efficiency. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Moreover, the intermediate strength ceramic proppants should be more durable than clay-based ceramic proppants and sand proppants under cyclic stresses. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Moreover, the intermediate strength ceramic proppants should be more durable than clay-based ceramic proppants and sand proppants under cyclic stresses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surface wettability of ceramic proppant on oil flow performance in hydraulic fractures

Dong

Wang

2019

Energy Science & Engineering

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Ceramic proppants are critical products for holding induced fractures open and enhancing hydrogen productivity in low‐permeability reservoirs. Though the effects of proppant size and proppant type on the well productivity have been well studied in the past, the role of the proppant surface wettability in the oil flow performance has not been thoroughly investigated. To help the readers and the industries understand the wetting behavior of ceramic proppants, this research was designed to analyze the effect of the proppant wettability on the flow efficiencies of oil and water under different conditions (for example, various proppant size, water saturation, and waterflooding). Also, it was required to determine the optimal wettability of proppants in the available candidates for the enhancement of oil recovery in the hydraulic fracturing process. Results of the work indicate that the proppant wettability plays an essential role in the productivities of water and oil in tight sandstones. Compared with the same‐size oil‐wet proppants, the mixed‐wet proppants contribute to increasing the oil flow efficiency and reducing the produced volume of water. However, an increased value of proppant size can significantly enhance the oil recovery. Besides, using the oil‐wet proppants, the waterflooding phenomenon can lead to a lower oil recovery than that of the non‐water‐flooded specimen. Based on the findings of the microscopic structural characteristics of the proppant surface, a fluid channel mechanism was proposed to help understand the proppant wettability effect on the flow behaviors of oil and water. This research can provide guidance on the determination of proppants in the designs of hydraulic fracturing operations. These findings can help the reservoir engineers dealing with hydraulic fracturing better design the surface wettability of the proppants, especially for those reservoirs with a multi‐phase flow.

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Application of polymers for coating of proppant in hydraulic fracturing of subterraneous formations: A comprehensive review

Cited by 85 publications

References 44 publications

Shear rheological properties of composite fluids and stability of particle suspensions: Potential implications for fracturing and environmental fluids

Shear rheological properties of composite fluids and stability of particle suspensions: Potential implications for fracturing and environmental fluids

Leaching studies on Novolac resin‐coated proppants‐performance, stability, product safety, and environmental health considerations

Effect of surface wettability of ceramic proppant on oil flow performance in hydraulic fractures

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