Application of Plackett–Burman Design for Spectrochemical Determination of the Last-Resort Antibiotic, Tigecycline, in Pure Form and in Pharmaceuticals: Investigation of Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Abstract

Tigecycline (TIGC) reacts with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) to form a bright green charge transfer complex (CTC). The spectrum of the CTC showed multiple charge transfer bands with a major peak at 843 nm. The Plackett–Burman design (PBD) was used to investigate the process variables with the objective being set to obtaining the maximum absorbance and thus sensitivity. Four variables, three of which were numerical (temperature—Temp; reagent volume—RV; reaction time—RT) and one non-numerical (diluting solvent—DS), were studied. The maximum absorbance was achieved using a factorial blend of Temp: 25 °C, RV: 0.50 mL, RT: 60 min, and acetonitrile (ACN) as a DS. The molecular composition that was investigated using Job’s method showed a 1:1 CTC. The method’s validation was performed following the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The linearity was achieved over a range of 0.5–10 µg mL−1 with the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 166 and 504 ng mL−1, respectively. The method was applicable to TIGC per se and in formulations without interferences from common additives. The application of the Benesi–Hildebrand equation revealed the formation of a stable complex with a standard Gibbs free energy change (∆G°) value of −26.42 to −27.95 kJ/mol. A study of the reaction kinetics revealed that the CTC formation could be best described using a pseudo-first-order reaction.

Enhancement of vitamin B6 production driven by omics analysis combined with fermentation optimization

“…To enhance the production of PN, a statistical method of medium optimization was used. Plackett–Burman design (PBD) is a well-established and widely used statistical technique for efficiently screening medium components [ 39 , 40 ]. It is a two-level design that is very useful for economically detecting the main effects while assuming that all other interactions are negligible [ 41 ].…”

Enhanced adsorptive removal of rifampicin and tigecycline from single system using nano-ceria decorated biochar of mango seed kernel

“…This prolonged consumption implies increased excretion and hence excessive release into aquatic environments [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] ]. Tigecycline (TIGC), a tetracycline antibiotic, is commonly used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resilient bacteria [ 15 , [21] , [22] , [23] ]. TIGC is largely removed unmodified in feces (59%) and urine (22%) [ 24 ].…”