Application of photothermal deflection spectroscopy to electrochemical interfaces

Social changes in the Polish army

“…Also, the full responsibility of a commanding officer for implementation and control of his decisions and plans was introduced. 22 Thus, the goals and ideals of military education changed considerably. The foundations for ideal military education were universal military, national, sociological and humanistic values, which would help to form a soldier-citizen; he would exhibit a positive attitude towards military service and his duties, as well as moral-combat values required in contemporary life and work.…”

“…These changes also included methods of military education. 28 However, as R. Stepien points out, 'at the moment when tasks of soldiers' education were commissioned to commanders, numerous disadvantages of the educational system in the army were revealed, which, together with lack of proper pedagogical background of educational officers encouraged journalists, directors, and members of parliament to criticize and inform the society about the striking negligence in the army. These were the reasons for the lack of unanimity in opinion concerning such phenomena as repressive measures on younger soldiers, suicides or arbitrary leaving a unit.'…”