“…Numerous investigations on Tee-joints hydroforming have been mainly concentrated on loading paths prediction on purpose of thickness uniformity control [8,9]. The following are some of the attempts to develop the faster or more systematic approaches to find the loading curve versus process parameters that minimize the thickness variations, including genetic algorithm [10], trial and error FEA Simulation approach [11], optimal design approach [12], adaptive approach [13,14], fuzzy load control algorithm [15] and neural network analysis method [16,17]. In the above optimization methods, on the premise of wrinkling free, through adjusting loading paths, higher branch height and more uniform thickness distribution were achieved.…”