Application of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics to the Electrode Surfaces of Aluminum Electrolysis Cells

Hansen, Ellen Marie; Kjelstrup, Signe

doi:10.1149/1.1837234

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Absence of thermodynamic border has important consequences to the behavior of the whole system. The reduction of size leads to the other script, where the input in the system of energy is absent in thermodynamic border, for example, in the surface energy [26][27][28][29]. This makes impossible the usual thermodynamic approach.…”

Section: Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 41 Thermodynamics Of Small-sca...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in the Heterogeneous Permeable Thermoelements

Semeshkin,

Cherkez

2023

Science, Technology and Innovation in the Modern World

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A significant number of thermoelectric processes are described with fundamental law of thermodynamics. This paper describes thermoelectric processes in the permeable thermoelements, which are described with the help of relationships of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The thermoelectric effects, which are described in this work, are laid in the basis of the work of thermoelectric elements, which make up the modules of generators and coolers. Any thermoelectric module can work in refrigerating regime as well as in generator regime. The difference is that, in order to generate energy and to work in the refrigerating regime, the different temperatures and different semiconductors are optimal, which are used in development of thermoelectric modules. The heterogenous materials, which are used to create new thermoelectric modules, can be defined as materials with different sharp heterogeneity of durability from one phase to the other. This heterogeneity of durability may be caused by microstructure of diversity, heterogeneity of the crystal structure or compositional diversity. The size of phases may be in the range from micrometers to millimeters, the geometry of phases may change and create different material systems. The object of this research is the processes in non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems. The subject of the research is the flow of thermodynamic processes in heterogeneous materials, relationship of non-equilibrium thermodynamics in the heterogeneous permeable thermoelements. The methodology of the research is based on the common scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, observation and abstraction, which are used to systemize results and calculations of thermoelectric systems. The aim of the work is familiarization with the relationship of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, its systematization and calculation of optimal parameters of permeable thermoelement on its basis. This paper describes the physical nature of thermodynamic and thermoelectric phenomenon, based on the newest actual and classic works of the branch of thermoelectricity, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, applied and thermoelectric material science, and their practical application. The analytical review of the literature about the problematics of non-equilibrium thermodynamics in heterogeneous systems was done. We observed the advantages and disadvantages of these systems. The practical part of this work consists of the calculation of parameters of permeable thermoelement made of thermoelectric material on the base of BismuthTtelluride for thermoelectric cooler or, as it used to say in the field of thermoelectricity, thermoelectric heat pump, calculation of dependence of its parameters on amount and size of channels of permeable thermoelement. While investigating the relationship of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, exactly Gibbs’ equation, Boltzmann’s equation, the equation of coolant and heat flow, equation of cooling coefficient, we systemized them and calculated the optimal parameters for the permeable thermoelectric element of cooling on the base of diverse semiconducting alloy Bi2Te3. On the basis of these calculations, we graphically represented the dependence of parameters of semiconducting permeable thermoelectric element on width of its channel, showed optimal definition of width of channel of permeable thermoelectric element. The results of research showed that, by means of the system of channels with the heat carrier, which make changes in the gradient and the temperature’s distribution on the element, is the significant advantage of the cooling factor of the thermoelectric electric over impenetrable.

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Section: Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 41 Thermodynamics Of Small-sca...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in the Heterogeneous Permeable Thermoelements

Semeshkin,

Cherkez

2023

Science, Technology and Innovation in the Modern World

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“…Then, knowing the scalar fields for each time step (oxygen concentration and electrical potential) and their gradients together with Equations and the source terms of energy dissipation rate can be evaluated. According to , the specific energy dissipation rate in the corrosion cell is composed of the energy dissipation rate due to oxygen diffusion, ohmic losses and anodic and cathodic polarization:

\overset{Q}{true} = {true \dot{Q}}_{d i f f} + {true \dot{Q}}_{o h m} + {true \dot{Q}}_{p o l a r, a} + {true \dot{Q}}_{p o l a r, c}

…”

Section: Governing Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third and the fourth terms in Equation , relating the rate of energy dissipation due to the polarization of the anode and cathode, can be written, using Equations and , as :

{true \dot{Q}}_{p o l a r, a} = i_{n a} η_{a} = \frac{β_{a}}{2.3} i_{n a} \ln true(\frac{i_{n a}}{i_{0 a}} true)

{true \dot{Q}}_{p o l a r, c} = i_{n c} η_{c} = - \frac{β_{c}}{2.3} i_{n c} \ln true(\frac{i_{n c}}{i_{0 c}} \cdot \frac{C_{o b}}{C_{o}} true)

where

i_{n a}

and

i_{n c}

are the normal component of the electric current density at the anode and cathode surface, respectively.…”

Section: Governing Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of critical anodic and cathodic areas in corrosion processes of steel reinforcement in concrete

Ožbolt

Balabanić

Sola

2016

Materials & Corrosion

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Recently it has been demonstrated that the position and size of anode and cathode areas strongly influences crack pattern and corrosion rate . To investigate this influence the expression for maximum entropy production, deduced from irreversible thermodynamics, is formulated. The entropy is produced by dissipative processes, which are in this special case the flow of ions through the electrolyte, the anodic and cathodic polarization and the oxygen diffusion process. Through several numerical examples, in which the size and position of anodic and cathodic surfaces are varied, it is demonstrated that the maximum entropy production leads to the maximum corrosion‐induced damage.

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The Peltier heating of the aluminium cathode in contact with cryolite–alumina melts

Kjelstrup

Qian

Haarberg

2000

Electrochimica Acta

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Application of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics to the Electrode Surfaces of Aluminum Electrolysis Cells

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

Relationship of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in the Heterogeneous Permeable Thermoelements

Relationship of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in the Heterogeneous Permeable Thermoelements

Determination of critical anodic and cathodic areas in corrosion processes of steel reinforcement in concrete

The Peltier heating of the aluminium cathode in contact with cryolite–alumina melts

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